Strategies Of Internationalization In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

Systems Of Internationalization In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Prologue to the Hospitality Industry The friendliness business comprises of wide class of fields inside the administration business that incorporates dwelling, eateries, occasion arranging, amusement parks, transportation and the travel industry. The neighborliness business is a few billion dollar industry that for the most part relies upon the accessibility of relaxation time and discretionary cashflow. A friendliness unit, for example, an eatery, inn, or even a pleasure park comprises of different gatherings, for example, office support, direct activities (servers, servants, watchmen, kitchen laborers, and so forth.), the board, showcasing, and HR. The cordiality business covers a wide scope of associations offering food administration and settlement. The business is partitioned into areas as indicated by the ranges of abilities required for the work in question. Parts incorporate convenience, food and drink, meeting and occasions, gaming, diversion and entertainment, the travel industry administrations, and guest data. Neighborliness enterprises that productively take into account the requirements of clients better than the opposition are almost certain ready to support upper hand over time.â Catering to client needs is predominant to conveying attractive degrees of consumer loyalty in the travel industry industry.â The equation for executing this errand is especially delicate in the travel industry due to the heterogeneous and synchronous nature of administration creation and consumption.â The travel industry encounters are seldom, if at any time, conveyed without inside and out representative client interactions.â Thus, the travel industry encounters are human serious on the two sides of the administration fence.â Additionally, voyagers will in general have better standards for neighborliness and by and large degrees of administration quality in light of the fact that their setting is normally more sincerely charged.â An engaged workforce is a mystery to accomplishment in these one of a kind territory workers who are propelled and empowered to settle on significant and reasonable choices near clients so as to deal with significant client needs.â Internationalization is depicted as the way toward extending firm exercises past the fringes of its local markets. Generally, the essential inspiration for internationalization among firms was the need to turn out to be increasingly productive. Effectiveness with regards to the post-mechanical upset period is accomplished when a firm increases and along these lines creates economies of scale. Numerous organizations looked for and discovered appealing markets in nations with higher market development rates, creating buyer utilization, and developing optional pay. Systems of internationalization in accommodation industry There are a few systems of internationalization to acquire consumer loyalty n with viably and effectively. The improvement of PC innovation, correspondence innovation, and new methods for transportation all filled in as fundamental empowering powers to internationalization. Today, internationalization has gotten one of the key worry of firms As obstructions to universal exchange tumble down in numerous pieces of the world, chiefs become mindful of new open doors in an ever-changing worldwide condition. For instance, a uniform money (the euro) is increasing a main situation inside the European market, Eastern European markets are growing quickly, Asian markets are opening to the world, and the world business populace has agreed on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Universal firms that consider all the components in the geographic goal create various systems for each land advertise, each extraordinarily custom-made for the particular market. Eg: In the region of expedited service administrations, Federal Express (FedEx) overwhelms the market in the Americas, yet in different markets, for example, Europe, FedEx isn't fruitful, and the market is ruled by DHL. Diversifying understandings in which a franchiser awards an authorized benefit to a franchisee to work together. This may incorporate consent to utilize a brand name, items, working frameworks, focal reservation frameworks, and the sky is the limit from there. Diversifying is utilized by Hilton International as a part of its worldwide system The board contracts in which the executives is isolated from possession, where an organization can get the administration of its abroad activity to a supervisory group as an end-result of a charge. For a model: Sodehxo is one of the instances of an administration contract organization in the business. Key collusions in which an association or an organization shapes between at least two organizations that can help from more noteworthy market inclusion, economies of degree or scale, expanded perceivability for the brand name or limited capital venture. One such model is the key union among Accor and the Japanese Hokke Group Joint endeavor, in which the global firm gives a fractional value stake to nearby organizations so as to tie down their responsibility to the understanding. Accor is effectively engaged with joint endeavors in various Asian markets, for example, Korea, Vietnam, and Malaysia. Call Center Service Recovery implies Telephone based client assistance is the biggest client administrations station in both North America, and Europe (The Editors 2007).â Call communities client support volume is higher than electronic mail support service.Despite this absence of affirmation from call focuses, there is a hole between the administration gave and client desires. The Green procedure implies industry recognitions and points of view as another market - driven business center for increasing serious advantages.All organizations regardless of how favorable or savvy their activities are make some degree of natural mischief. These effects can be limited or constrained by a receiving an all around enunciated firm-level green system. This require to green ought be to address companywide ecological test as well as a proactive methodology to remain on the correct side of the guideline and for benefit. Issues and effects of internationalization on accommodation industry Issues and effects unite the most recent advancements in global cordiality activities with the current administration standards. It gives a genuinely global perspective on the neighborliness and the travel industry ventures and gives a new knowledge into accommodation and the travel industry the executives. Internationalization is a significant pattern for todays associations. The administrations area is additionally verifiably getting progressively global in scope. A quick Internationalization of world economy during the 1990s has expanded the chances to send out administrations and administrations are currently the quickest developing piece of worldwide exchange. Quickened by their longing for development and benefit, impetuses gave by the host governments, and a more liberated progression of capital all through the world, friendliness associations have found that their future endurance and development rely on expanding their administrations around the globe. The friendliness business is along these lines at the very center of worldwide business. Cordiality organizations consequently need to consider the ramifications of the worldwide setting in which they drive and should be set up to address the inquiries that happen from this fast evolving condition. The Internationalization of business and ways of life is portrayed by imparting over tremendous separations in unknown dialects, visit travel to abroad nations, managing in numerous monetary forms, and adapting to a scope of political and social frameworks, administrative conditions, societies and customs. While these parts of Internationalization of are anything but difficult to distinguish, understanding the basic current and future patterns can be examination, be that as it may, uncovers that various issues are reshaping the Internationalization cordiality industry, despite the fact that there are plainly some intricate inquiries that are still to be settled: Worldwide spreading out with general item and brand position; Deals and advertising programs that completely catch worldwide economies of scale; Authoritative structures that endure conveyance of administrations with nearby operational control; Cross-fringe worker preparing to help activities; and Utilization of the world capital markets as wellsprings of financing. The Positive Impacts of Internationalization on the friendliness business; 1. Presentation to various societies: Due to the internationalization of the supervisors of cordiality industry, they would have the option to pick up information on various societies, as they get the opportunity to intertwine with individuals from various different backgrounds and in this way, upgrade their mindfulness. 2. Bigger Market: Due to internationalization, the client base has expanded enormously. Individuals travel for occasions, however business, wellbeing and different purposes as well. Therefore, this has expanded the market for the accommodation business, which gets their significant salary from these global guests. 3. Lifts the economy: As guests come in and go through cash it impacts to the outside trade of the nation and it gets increment. In this manner it is of extraordinary incentive to the economy as internationalization assists with siphoning in cash into the nation. 4. Innovation Advancement: Since one needs to draw in whatever number sightseers as could be allowed, cordiality associations much of the time need to redesign and improve their items and administrations. Model: Singapore Flyer, utilizing quicker and more up to date innovation in lodgings to so that the client is fulfilled. 5. Advances Creativity: Organizations are persistently considering new and imaginative plans to draw more vacationers. 6. More Job Opportunities: Due to internationalization, more guests come into the nation and hence more individuals will be required to serve and take into account their necessities. Thus, with the appearance of internationalization, there are parcel of more employments open doors for individuals inside the regions which cordiality enterprises are found. 7. Lifts the Travel Industry: Due to internationalization more individuals travel around the nations. To encourage this, the t

Red Bull Marketing Essay

From 1987, Red Bull was propelled in Austria with the slogan â€Å"Red Bull verleiht Fluuugel† (Red Bull Gives You Wiiings). It wasn’t until 1992 that Red Bull started to turn out in other European nations. â€Å"Part of the development methodology was to enter new markets gradually and systematically so as to boost buzz and manufacture anticipation† Keller, K. L (2008 *A) By 1997, Red Bull was accessible in 25 markets internationally, including Western and Eastern Europe, New Zealand and South Africa. Throughout the decade since its commencement Red Bulls deals by 200%, from 1. million units to more than 200 million units, and by 2004 the organization had overall yearly deals of almost 2 billion jars in 120 nations. The Marketing Strategy utilized by Red Bull was not to pound the market with their essence yet to be viewed as a selectiveness, and to be seen as the beverage for all events when required. Thusly, advertisers left void jars in dance club, set examples and allocators in colleges and permitted the estimation of Red Bull to spread by means of verbal. Red Bull promoted the accompanying properties: * Improves Physical Endurance Stimulates Metabolism and Eliminates Waste Substances * Improves Overall Feeling of Well-being * Improves Reaction Speed and Concentration * Increases Mental Alertness These qualities of the Red Bull item freed itself up to an entire scope of potential purchasers and advertising circumstances. In light of its properties, Red Bull utilized the motto â€Å"Revitalizes Mind and Body†, and situated the beverage utilizing a superior valuing procedure, denoting the cost up by at any rate 10% on the most costly contenders item. Norbert Krailhamer clarifies: We are significantly more costly that [cola]. This is OK on the grounds that our own is a productivity item, so we can charge this value premium, which is the mystery of its success†¦ Due to the regard at a cost premium brand†¦ we can charge what is reasonable for the benefit† Keller, K. L (2008 *A) An enormous bit of Red Bull’s achievement has to do with the utilization of the unmistakable Red Bulls and Rising Sun logo and slim 250mL can as observed on their sponsorship sign composition and general promoting. It is easy to refute whether Red Bull would be as mainstream and fruitful without this emblem. Proof of this can be followed to the presentation of Red Bull in Germany , where the interest was incredible to such an extent that they sold out of canned stock and needed to change to glass restrains to keep with the interest. When the containers were presented the interest dropped. The accomplishment of Red Bulls advertising procedure can be featured with the mishandled passage of Red Bull into the United Kingdom in 1995. The advertisers accepted that the United Kingdom was excessively not quite the same as the Austrian market, so adjusted the promoting plan. The progressions happened in three unmistakable manners: â€Å"Extract: 1) the organization showcased Red Bull as a games drink, not an incitement drink; 2) it didn't seek after a verbal technique, picking rather to sell by means of the biggest refreshment channels; and 3) it made new publicizing and concentrated on announcements instead of electronic media. Subsequently, Red Bull was viewed as a disappointment in the United Kingdomafter losing more than $10 million during the initial year and a half in that showcase. † Keller, K. L (2008 *A) 1. Presentation: Red Bull GmbH, the Austrian based caffeinated drink producer is an exceptional brand that has developed to outperform a portion of the universes most settled brands. After organizer Dietrich Mateschitz came back from Asia with the rights to patent Red Bull and change it to suit the Western market, he had a characterized thought in his psyche concerning what he needed to accomplish with the caffeinated drink. In the wake of trialing in excess of 200 structures lastly solidifying the correct mix of caffeine, taurine, carbonation and enhancing the â€Å"original† Red Bull flavor was set up. What follows is the stunning story of how Red Bull was showcased in Austria and afterward from 1992 onwards into the remainder of Europe, the Americas, Asia-Pacific and the United Kingdom. A portion of the key stones in the Red Bull brand promoting triumph has been the effortlessness of their showcasing approach through application, the situating of the item and the smart manners by which they have avoided conventional channels when carrying the item to the market and building the buzz and expectation of Red Bull as opposed to simply exclusively depending on the dynamic got from customary publicizing techniques. The assorted variety of the Red Bull brand has permitted itself to move with the market and remain the universes most famous caffeinated drink. Taking a gander at the brands substantial adaptability can even be presented at the move in the market to sugar free drinks and the brisk and brief way that Red Bull acted so as to maintain its position and stay noteworthy simultaneously. As of the 2009 money related year, Red Bull GmbH had net marketing chart of 3. 3billion dollars and now has 3900 representatives around the world. Source: BNET †Resources 2. Brand Positioning and Values From the day of origin, Dietrich Mateschitz had an unmistakable arrangement for how he needed to set up Red Bull. The present situating has left Red Bull in a solid situation among the commercial center and the qualities that it speaks to are consistently being satisfied through its corporate nearness in our every day lives. The situation of Red Bull is: â€Å"Revitalizes Mind and Body† this unmistakable advantage, direct from Red Bull underwrites the item to fulfill shopper needs before they have even made a buy. Red Bull has likewise situated themselves as the â€Å"Premium Energy Drink† over all other caffeinated drinks in the market. The watchword in this expression being ‘premium’ as Red Bull has a restrictive intrigue and a higher market cost than its rivals; factors that have been thoroughly considered completely by the Red Bull showcasing group. The â€Å"Premium Pricing Strategy† that Red Bull has fused, directs that Red Bull will be evaluated at a rate 10% higher than the most costly contenders cost to guarantee the class standard of the Red Bull name and set the standard for the entirety of the remainder of the contenders. Notwithstanding the Premium Pricing Strategy, Red Bull presented the Seeding Program, whereby at first Red Bull would just be supplied in the best and most tasteful foundations, regardless of whether this be selective clubs, dance club, bars, games and related occasions to construct the fundamental publicity or buzz about Red Bull, and to empower the informal exchange from the social world class to channel down into the common laborers. When the commercial center was soaked with Red Bull buzz, the general market got the item as well. Notwithstanding the Word of Mouth methodology, Red Bull would enhance this with occasion sponsorship, competitor supports, inspecting, purpose of procurement promoting and select electronic publicizing. This permitted Red Bull to cover the important roads which potential buyers were probably going to come into contact with the brand and proceed to buy the beverage. The estimations of the Red Bull brand are gotten from the advantages of the beverage itself: * Improves Physical Endurance * Stimulates Metabolism and Eliminates Waste Substances. Improves Overall Feeling of Well-being Improves Reaction Speed and Concentration * Increases Mental Alertness The Red Bull brand urges the customer to go to their latent capacity and offers a guide in doing as such. In any case, offering these advantages in their item, Red Bull esteems the augmentation of skylines and vivacious ways to deal with life. This can be summarized through their corporate sponsorship of Extreme Sporting occasions, singular competitors, the formation of occasions or the sponsorship of groups. The thinking behind this is these occasions are quick paced, high vitality, exciting and require precisely what Red Bull brings to the table. By empowering these kinds of occasions and embracing the disposal of safe places, Red Bull is situating itself as an objective, an inspiration and an energizer that can be saddled to accomplish any objective. Red Bulls achievement can be compared to the resolute methodology they have utilized n request to associate with their objective market; 14 †19yr olds and afterward the following most elevated entrance 20 †29yr olds. Red Bull is a functioning item in today’s stylish way of life propensities and is being reflected through their qualities and presentations support of irregular donning exercises. . The Red Bull Air Races† in Perth Australia; and sponsorship of Mark Webber and Formula One. From a nationality perspective, Red Bull picks the icons of game and eye getting occasions to advance itself just as help the individuals being referred to. This is seen all around the globe and has been a solid driver in the fame of Red Bull in specific regions of the world. Since Red Bull is an energizer drink, it bodes well to market to the entire assortment of purchasers in the commercial center. In its 23 years of activities, the underlying individuals who might have utilized Red Bull for â€Å"party energy† at dance club and gatherings will presently be traveling through to the calmer part of their lives, anyway this doesn't mean they will no longer need Red Bull. Working long or unpredictable hours, contemplating and going the additional separation is as yet significant; in this manner Red Bull has applied its advantage over a few ages and the cycle proceeds. 3. Brand Characteristics Red Bull is currently an exceptionally unmistakable item in the commercial center and can be perceived dependent on some key focuses. Two Red Bulls and Rising Sun Logo * Slender Silver 250mL can (with silver and blue example) The name Red Bull * Endorsed Events or Persons I. e. Imprint Webber rather than other caffeinated drinks available it is the most spoken to and promoted item on grocery store racking in Australia, (per unit) and is spoken to by a 80:20 spread of jars to bottles in the standard 250mL variety(1). Predominant qualities of Red Bull remember its for

Why Do We Fall

Why Do We Fall Reflecting on the lessons of last semester, I knew I was going to have to kick it into high gear for my 6.042 exam on Wednesday. I spent all of Monday night from 8pm to 2am studying. I woke up promptly at 7:30 on Tuesday and studied until 11:30am. That night, after juggling through all of my other commitments, I studied from 10pm to 2:30am. Then on Wednesday, I squeezed in some final study time from 10am to 12:30pm before taking the exam at 1pm. I went through all the problems, thinking hard about how to solve them and recalling past problems to guide me. I wrote down everything I knew, tried different things, and came up with what I thought were acceptable answers. I barely finished on time and handed in my exam, semi-confident in my answers, overhearing everyone around me discussing how it was sorta easy. I failed. Badly. Geez, I cant seem to catch a break. Im getting a little tired of the studying harder than I ever had before and still failing. At least I did better than on my 14.02 exam back in December. Its becoming easy to fall into the trap of thinking Im stupid. MIT made a mistake in accepting me. But I often overlook that Im not a unique case. Nearly everyone else at MIT feels hosed and struggles as much as, if not more than I do, even if they dont look like it An important lesson: no matter how screwed you think you are, someone is always going to undercut you and counter your I only got 5 hours of sleep/studied for 8 hours and still failed! with a I only got 3 hours of sleep/studied for 20 hours/went to office hours and still failed!. Regardless of the exact quantities, it seems clear that attempting to defend oneself with a wall of But I did so much of this and that does nothing. So then what do we do? We try again. But then one might say But I keep studying harder and harder and harder for each exam but my scores never get better. I dont know what to do different I feel ya. And it may be different from person to person. I had increased the amount of time I studied tremendously and that didnt help. I switched to studying the text intensively to understand the concepts and that didnt help. It seems that no matter what I try I keep failing. There you go, youre now on your first step to becoming Batman. Yesterday I met with my 6.042 professor and department advisor Albert Meyer to discuss my performance. He told me that my studying was inefficient. My study plan had been rereading every single chapter and going through all the lecture videos and prep problems, thinking that was the way I could best understand everything weve covered. Meyer explained to me that that was a very inefficient use of my time and that I should instead go straight to doing problems and to review the lectures and book only when I got stuck. Doing it this way maximizes the time you spend on problems, which is, surprise, what the exams are made out of. This was a very promising solution, for I spent hours and hours reading text and watching lectures, but when I sat down to do problems, I could barely do any of them without first looking at the solution guide. Its hard for me to admit that my studying is still inefficient after all this time at MIT. But I admit it and that I need to keep growing. My current action plan is to minimize watching lectures and reading the text and instead to practice more problems. Its funny because 6.042 in itself is taught in a flipped classroom style to maximize working on such problems. And all of the 6.042 staff are saying that most students who do badly on the first midterm realize that they dont understand the material and they usually turn things around by the second midterm. I intend to be one of them. I also started thinking about how this translates into the real world and how intentions mean squat if youre not getting it right. Last week, at a leadership training program called UPOP, one of the things we talked about was the Challenger disaster. Afterwards I thought about the idea of being the head engineer and running up to my boss after the disaster proclaiming, But I spent 20 hours studying, went to office hours, and read all the readings, I couldnt have failed? and thinking that excuse would go over well. A little grim, but it really puts things into perspective. This was just an exam. Its basically a simulation. Training. There you go, youre now on your first step to becoming Theodore Roosevelt. So yeah, I guess my point is keep on trekking. Its only gonna get harder, but itll make you stronger if you let it. Work smarter, not harder, but keep working nonetheless. IHTFP.

The Gap Between Upper And Lower Class Essay - 1263 Words

On the 15th August 2015 First Minister Nicola Sturgeon stated â€Å"Scotland pioneered the idea of universal access to school education in the 17th and 18th centuries. Ever since then, a commitment to education has been part of our identity, part of our sense as a country†. Scotland as a nation is very proud of their Education System and the Government are continuously evolving it in the hope that all children get the education required in order to help them flourish and succeed in every aspect of life. Ms Sturgeon highlights that ‘background or circumstance’ should not hinder a child from receiving a good education. Her speech focused on the Attainment Gap (between Upper and Lower Class) and her Governments initiatives in how they plan on diminishing this gap; an important means of reducing this gap is by increasing achievement among students. Achievement is a relative concept linked to individual circumstances. Whatever the learning objective, reaching a goal is always an achievement. To increase achievement, we need to ensure all students have access to high quality education regardless of their needs and backgrounds (social justice). Social Justice and Inclusion We look at Social Justice and its’ effect on Students; are the areas where students born, nurtured and educated impacting their success in education and or in life? A basic understanding of Social Justice is â€Å"the fair and just relationship between an individual and society†, i.e equal rights and opportunities inShow MoreRelatedIncome Gap Between The Upper Class And The Lower Class1696 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased, causing an income gap between the upper class and the lower class. The country is becoming a banana republic in which most of the wealth is owned by the top 1%. This small percentage of the population is mainly composed of the entrepreneurs, businessmen, and lawyers. 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Millennium Development Goals - 1536 Words

Why Millennium Development Goals Are Essential to Our Nation We live in a world that is dangerously out of balance. There are 1.1 billion people living on less than one dollar a day, an additional 1.7 billion people living on less than 2 dollars a day, more than 115 million children uneducated, and over 40 million people are HIV positive. These numbers show that there is great misery and unnecessary death in our world and that billions of people have little opportunity to lead a decent life and fully use their potential to develop as human beings. For the first time in human history there is an extremely powerful consensus in which the global community is attempting to work together in the hopes of ensuring that all people, everywhere,†¦show more content†¦Leadership in Support of MDGs: Promoting National Security The Millennium Development Goals represent a commitment by all nations and institutions to eliminate global poverty. The MDGs need to be emphasized and implemented at all stages and their success is highly dependent on financing the project. The UN Millennium Project is centered on the belief that .7 percent of rich countries GNP can provide enough resources to meet the goals. If every developed country followed through with a timetable to reach the necessary target by 2015, the world could make dramatic progress in the fight against extreme poverty. At the Monterrey Consensus a statement was made by the United States: we urge developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of .7 percent of GNPÂ… (Sachs 338). This statement shows that the US is beginning to take leadership in the efforts to meet the MDGs; however, it seems that we are pointing fingers and not taking the proper action ourselves. In 2004 our government only provided .14 percent of the GNP, which is well below the target. 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The eight targeted areas which are poverty, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, disease, the environme nt and global partnership place attention on areas that will help the improvement and betterment of underdeveloped countries. MDGs goals and objectives are clear and concise with a developmentRead MoreThe Millennium Development Goals Mdgs1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are comprised of eight goals for global development aimed to enable people to live better lives. 189 nations adopted the UN Millennium Declaration in September 2000, and committed to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. To state the facts, MDG Goal 1 has three specific targets. Target 1.A is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 aRead MoreBrazil : The Millennium Development Goals1518 Words   |  7 Pagesas a country ravaged by poverty however, portions of it are; and its environmental stability is an enormous factor of this. In 2000 the United Nations concocted a plan to assist countries like Brazil; thus the Millennium Development Goals emerged. In essence, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs for short) are a set of targets set to challenge extreme poverty across the globe. As Brazil is not a ‘traditional’ country in the subject of poverty so a specific target had to be included for it to fitRead MoreImplementing The Millennium Development Goals1250 Words   |  5 PagesConsidering the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) faced major criticism, the pressure lies on the post-2015 development goals to provide a new and efficient se t of criteria for global development. The MDGs were perceived as limited and incomplete, and while there is a more extensive list of SGDs, they remain vague. Once gain the goals are high achieving and unattainable within a 15 year span. Although the world has succeeded in significantly reducing poverty, since the creation of the Millennium DevelopmentRead MoreMillennium Development Goals And Objectives Essay2100 Words   |  9 PagesFor this reason, the Millennium Development Goals, also known as Millennium Development Goals, were created by leaders of 189 different nations in the year 2000. Millennium Development Goals were originally set in place to better the lives of the world’s poorest people (Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund, 2015). The Millennium Development Goals are considered to be the world’s â€Å"quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions†(UN Millennium Project, 2006). Yet, most

Do we need statistic quality criteria Free Essays

The intention is to compare statistical analysis methods and dependencies. With the transformation into quantitative variables a rationalization effect is desired. In this way extensive data can be reduced to its core. We will write a custom essay sample on Do we need statistic quality criteria? or any similar topic only for you Order Now To check the comparability required for that, quality criteria have been developed. These are according to current interpretation higher if the standardization of the research’s content, the course of the investigation and the setting is easily realizable. There are five different types of criterion of measurement. These five criterion of measurement are divided into two groups. The main group and the sub group. Objectivity, Reliability and Validity belong to the main group. Acceptability and Economy are the two parts of the subgroup. This paper is focused on the main group. Chapter 2 – Criterion of Measurements 1. Objectivity Objectivity is the extent to which a test result in implementation, analysis and interpretation can be influenced by an investigator or if more come to matching results. Neither the implementation nor the analysis and interpretation carried out by different researchers may therefore produce different results. The implementing objectivity requires that the test result is unaffected by the user. The interpretation f objectivity requires that individual interpretations can not be used towards the interpretation off result. For example to measure the screw length by a calibrated measuring equipment is an objective measurement but the survey of employees by their team leader for the leadership is very subjective. 2. Reliability Reliability indicates the reliability of a measurement method. An investigation is described as reliable if it comes to the same conclusion at a repetition of the measurement under the same conditions. It can be inter alai determined by a repeat examination (test-retest method) or other equivalent test (parallel test method). The measure is the reliability coefficient and it is defined by the correlation of the two investigations. An example off reliable question is â€Å"How many employees has your department? † In second question has a lower reliability because it is unclear who is defined as a â€Å"team player† and therefore different opinions can come into existence. 3. Validity Some people say that there is no validity but indeed there are quite different kinds of validity. This is certainly true but they have in common: validity or validity of these measurements describe the degree of accuracy with which a method measures what it purports to measure. An intelligence test for example is only valid when intelligence activities are measured and not primarily the steadiness. A test has content that is â€Å"true† the problem is to determine that. The name of â€Å"intelligence† (as well as â€Å"aggression†, â€Å"anxiously† etc. ) is a so called construct: constructs are concepts that more or less appear to be theoretically meaningful. The described is not observed directly but inferred from indicators. Constructs are under the theory useful assumptions. Basically it’s the problem of â€Å"truth† of statements which are hidden in the concept of validity: Are allegations true? In the example above: deserves a test that is sold as â€Å"intelligence test† this name? Psychologically more important is the â€Å"empirical validity† that means the match and predictive validity. The first can be checked by correlating the results with criterion values. In this way we could for instant demonstrate the validity of a calculation exam for the third school year by the correlation of the test results with the teachers’ Judgments. A predictive validity is situated close to determine, for example, when designing a school readiness test: After the test survey one should wait at least until the end of he first school year and then assess the correlation between test results and school performance. The test is valid if the correlation fails high. Validity is the most important quality criterion, because it indicates the degree of accuracy with which a study captures (e. G. Personality traits or behaviors). The validation is performed using the correlation with an external criterion. There are different types of validity: 3. Construct validity: Construct validity is present when measurements capture what they should mete ( if a construct is inferred from a high correlation then construct validity is the same as liability). If hypotheses are being derived from a construct it means high construct validity and consequently good empirical confirmation of this hypothesis. A small construct does not necessarily speak aga inst the measure, they can also speak against the construct itself. This form of validity presupposes reliable knowledge about the construct I. E. Knowledge of the relevant theories and the relevant findings. For the validity of an aggression test may speak, for example, when men achieve higher scores than women and when young men (about 20 years) have higher values Han older ones (about 40 years). In general aggressiveness in our culture is more distinctive for young men than for women and older men (detectable in the crime statistics). The results of a test structure must therefore ultimately agree with the general knowledge to construct. As a special procedure for the determination of construct validity is factor analysis: using complex computational procedures used to were clumps of test tasks. Usually it is not even particularly difficult to interpret these clumps (factors), one sees, for example are among many that (intelligence) tasks hose that require working with numbers, a special factor, as they will in future â€Å"number bound thinking â€Å"combined into one part test. Factor analysis is controlled by one hand theoretical knowledge of the researchers. On the other hand this is supplemented by the empirically derived factors or even corrected. Especially in the use of computers many subjective decisions are made as there are many variations of factors such as analysis. An example of high construct validity is about the Malaria experiment. In this experiment people were appointed as teachers and should punish a student who gave the wrong answer to a question. Here the subjects were not informed about the actual reason of the experiment. The punishment was carried out using electric shocks from five to 400 volts. The teacher (the subject) could not see the student but hear him/her. The student was not inflicted real harm. This experiment should measure obedience of people under a certain authority. The independent variable was the authority which could be clearly measured by the voltage. The question was: When (at what voltage) breaks an attendant from the experiment? So you can say: the higher the the more obedient are the students. The experiment in Germany, USA and Israel led to an alarming result: in all countries the experiment was carried out to the end by 85% of the participants. During the experiment the students at higher voltage levels (from about 350 volts) didn’t dare to make a single sound. Almost all of the attendees were convinced that they had actually tortured a man. 3. 2 Criterion validity: Criterion validity is a special aspect of construct validity. Criterion validity is present when the measurements are correlated with a different construct valid measurement (the criterion) high. The construct is defined only on the criterion validity. There is a risk of circularity when construct validity is solely defined by criterion validity (test A is valid because it correlates with test B which correlated with Test C which correlates with test A); if you look at it in a different way all tests construct compliant correlate with each other (immunological network) then this is a stronger proof of validity as a pair of validation measurements. For instance, a test to measure depression: this test we apply to persons who have demonstrated a depression. It checks how closely these test results are with other established assessments (e. G. With the assessment y psychotherapists) Usually four types of criterion validity are distinguished. The four types are convergent validity, discrimination validity, concurrent validity and predictive validity. 3. 2. 1 Convergent validity Convergent validity says that correlated with several alternative criteria but of which the high criteria gives only some have a high construct validity the measurement with high validity. Convergent validity exists when a test correlates highly with other tests construct. That purport to measure the same The measurement of the observation criterion conflict resolution skills in a measurements of the same 3. 2. Discriminate validity criterion in a team exercise. Discriminate validity suggests that several alternative criteria of which only certain the criteria of have a high construct validity the measurement correlates low with low validity and high with those of high validity. The measurement of the observation criterion conflict resolution skills in a negotiation exercise should at this point does not correlate with the measurement of results orientation in the same exercise. Content measurements should generally not relate. Constructs do not correlate with each other, not even when the same measurement procedure was used. Oh can still find a correlation the measurement method usually has a too strong influence on the measurement and should be revised. 3. 2. 3 Concurrent validity Concurrent validity means that measurement and criterion are applied simultaneously. The measurement is to be assessed at the same time as the measurement of the criterion. 3. 2. 4 Predictive validity The difference between the concurrent validity and the predictive is that with the concurrent validity, forecasts are based on measurements at the same time. Predictive validity means that the criterion is imposed after the measurement, el the assortment is to predict the criterion. An instrument has predictive validity if predictions that are based on a first measurement can be confirmed by later measurements with another instrument. Schnabel, Hill, Seer 1995) 3. 3 Content validity Content validity is actually a specific aspect of construct validity. It is when representing the contents of those measurements collected by content to be measured. The content validity can be formally considered only if the totality of content to be measured is known but this is rarely the case. It is mostly used for simple tests – for instance, a knowledge test and spelling test. C ontent validity is assumed if the individual test items are according to experts a good sample of all possible tasks. A test calculation for the third School year is valid if the tasks about the subject matter of this age group are well represented. 3. 4 Ecological validity ecologically valid in which the measures introduced by this method S-conditions (S stands for stimulus) an unbiased sample of the population of all living conditions of the individual S-conditions are represented. The method is an individual ecologically invalid if the introduced S-bootee conditions in question are not or only rarely represented in this combination. Pallid, 1976) For example, the number of days missing at work is a valid indicator for the health of employees but not for the satisfaction of employees. If they are at work you don’t know if they are satisfied or not. The attempt to measure the length of a screw with a measurement. 4. Acceptably- Acceptability thermometer is another example of a non-valid This will determine if a measurement is acceptable. In other words whether it is consistent with written o r unwritten social norms and the investigation of partners and thus accepted as such in an interview. 5. Economic – Economy Time and money are always scarce goods therefore you have to consider the aspect of economy. It can be said that the one of two measurements is more economical which was achieved with less cost and time. 6. Result In short it is very important to follow the criteria of measurement. If you don’t, your result is not valid. That your result is not valid won’t be your only problem. You can make a measurement and get a result of your measurement. But the result doesn’t represent what you want to measure. The best way to measure is, to measure with two groups. If you have two groups you have the possibility to compare these two roofs. How to cite Do we need statistic quality criteria?, Papers

Competition and Consumer Commission Implications †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Competition and Consumer Commission Implications. Answer: Introduction: The issues are whether the partners perform according to the agreed contract or not and will they have any right to take any action against Lance or not? According to the Partnership Act 1963, it defines the partners where they are in relation to dealing with them. It has mentioned under section 7, which explains the Rules for determining existence of partnership. It must exits according to the joint benefits. The section 10 has defined that the partners are bound to act according to the behalf of the firm. Therefore, one partner can act behalf of the others. The section 12 described that the firm will not liable for any act, which will be done by the partners. The section 13 is defined the liability of partners towards their firm where the partners are bound to act with limited partnership with the other partners and firms. If any damage occurs at the time of the performing business then the penalty will be imposed. The third party should liable for the damage and pay the compensation. The section 14A has defined that the liability of incorporated limited partnership is completely wrong and the penalty will be imposed. According to the Act, the firm can become liable if any collaboration in a partnership business performs wrongful work by their partners while running the business or any partner committed the same with the incorporation with other partners, then it will found liable for this. If any damage occurs at the time of the performing business then the penalty will be imposed. The third party should liable for the damage and pay the compensation. In the cases of Foote v Barton Property Partnership No 1 [2017], Dimitrios Christis v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [2011] and Eden Construction Pty Ltd and Cesare Filardo v State of New SOuth Wales [2010] it has found the existence of partnership and the legal action has been taken against the damages. According to the case facts, it has found that Lynton is completely unaware that Lance has a purchasing limit and lance has instructed not to spend over $20,000. Therefore, according to the section 7, the existence of partnership has found. It has also stated that all the partners are bound by the terms and condition of the contract, which has signed between them. A particular amount also mentioned while purchasing the car and one of the partner, Lance has purchased a car from Lynton without maintaining the limited amount. Therefore, the sell has occurred between them that Lance has found with a wilful violation to the partnership contract while running his business. Therefore, according to the terms of business the other partners have right to found with liabilities to Lynton for his act. In the case of National Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Ltd v Batty, it has found that one partner has liable due to the wrongful act, the other partners have found guilty with the same liability regarding the damage, which has done by Lynton. In that case, the Australian High Court held that the basic rule of the partnership is that every partner is liable for the wrongful act of others while they are running a partnership business. Lynton can also hold liable make other partners according to the provision of section 14A of the Partnership Act 1963. In case of a partnership, each partner is enjoying all rights according to the norms of their business and one of the rights has become fiduciary relationship. The partners are free to file any case on reimbursement against Lance and can claim damage as Lance had failed to act in good faith. As per the case study, it can be concluded that all the partners are liable the wrongful act of others while they are running a partnership business. Lynton can also hold liable make other partners according to the provision of section 14A of the Partnership Act 1963. The issue is whether the consumer has any right to compensated for moisturizer and the terms of the contract are mandatory for Saqlaim or not? The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission and the provision of Australian Consumer Law is stated the present fact of the case. According to section 29 of the Act, restrictions are to be imposed on the advertised statements that make false conception regarding the goods. The intention of the statement is to promote the goods in a wrongful way. It is a common principle of law that once the offer regarding a contract is being accepted, the contract become legalise and binding the contracting parties. However, the terms of the contract should have to be legal in nature and the contracting parties must have the competency to enter into the contract. According to the terms of the business the consumers must not introduced with false representation. In the case of Australian Competition Consumer Commission v IMB Group Pty Ltd [2003], the Australian Federal Court has found misleading and deceptive conducts, which is against of trade practice. SAP Australia Pty Ltd v Sapient Australia Pty Ltd (1999) is another case of false Trade practice. Google Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2013] is another famous case where the misleading conducts has found but later Google found not guilty. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Oceana Commercial Pty Ltd [2004] is another case where the misrepresentation has found in the trade practice business. As per the fact in this case, the partnership is not happy with the Ute they think they have bought a lemon. They decide to sell the car to Saqlaim a refugee from Syria who has little understanding of English. Fast-talking and charismatic Lance talks him into purchasing the car. He enters a contract with a finance company to purchase the car. A violation regarding section 29 of the Consumer Law has been made and Xiaojing will be held liable for misrepresenting the credibility of the product to earn profit from the same. Regarding the second issue, it can be stated that one of the parties of the contract, Saqlaim is bound by the terms of the contract, as the terms of the contract are legal in nature. It can. Therefore, it can be stated that Saqlaim has a right to sue Xiaojing for publishing false advertisement for the infringement of section 29 of the Australian Consumer Law. Conversely, he is bound by the terms of the contract. The misleading and deceptive conducts has found which is against of the Australian Consumer Law. The issue is whether Felix has any right to take any action against Xiaojing regarding the non-payment of promised money or not. The provision of Fair Work Act 2009 will apply in this case. As per this Act, it is the right of the employees to get incentives during the course of their. It is one of the important law which is governed by the Australian Government for providing a fair and equal work opportunities. The employees are entitles to enjoy every rights under this law at the time of their employment. The main problem regarding the payment of incentive is that there is no uniform law regarding the same. There is a general rule that states that the relating rules can be guided by the contract or registered agreement made in between the employer and the employees. According to the legislations of Fair Work 2009, the equality bargaining is one of the basic purpose where the both the men and women share equal rights in their work place. Under the employment contract, the equality always measured by individually. The good faith bargaining is the mandatory terms where the employees will work for their organizat ion with the entitlement of industrial interest. The fact of the case is Felix a uni student aged 20 is keen to earn some income during the summer holidays. He is employed as a casual to pick lavender. He will be paid $25 cash per bag. She reneges on her promise and Felix is outraged. He wants to know if he can sue Xiaozing for the $100. The issue is whether Felix has any right to take any action against Xiaojing regarding the non-payment of promised money or not. According to the facts of this case, it has been observed that there was no written or registered agreement existed in between the two. In addition, Felix was not a permanent employee. It has been mentioned that Felix can continue his job until summer holidays only. Conclusion The problem regarding the issue can be concluded with the observation that Felix cannot sue Xiaojing for the non-payment of promised money or incentives as no necessary criteria was fulfilled in this case regarding the claim for compensation. Reference Australian Competition Consumer Commission v IMB Group Pty Ltd [2003] FCAFC 17 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Oceana Commercial Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 174 Blackett-Ord, M., Haren, S. (2015).Partnership Law. Bloomsbury Publishing. Coffee Jr, J. C., Sale, H., Henderson, M. T. (2015). Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Corones, S. G., Galloway, T. (2013). The effectiveness of the best interests duty: enhancing consumer protection?. Australian Business Law Review, 41(1), 5-29. Dimitrios Christis v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [2011] NSWCA 310 EDEN CONSTRUCTION PTY LTD and CESARE FILARDO v STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES [2010] ACTSC 96 (27 July 2010) Foote v Barton Property Partnership No 1 [2017] ACTSC 21 Google Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2013] HCA 1 6 February 2013 S175/2012 Kolivos, E. and Kuperman, A., 2012. Consumer law: Web of lies-legal implications of astroturfing. Keeping good companies, 64(1), p.38. National Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Ltd v Batty SAP Australia Pty Ltd v Sapient Australia Pty Ltd (1999) 169 ALR 1

Apple Company Analysis

Business plan Apple designs, manufactures and markets personal computers and related software, peripherals and personal computing and communicating solutions. Customers are attracted to Apple’s products for a variety of reasons, including the reduced amount of training resulting from the use of their products, advanced graphics capabilities in their gadgets, industrial design features of the Company’s hardware products, and ability of their products to network and communicate with other computer systems and environments.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple: Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketing department of the company addresses these attributes every time it makes communication to its customers. The key success factor has been creation of value by igniting people’s imagination to make a favorable impression of the products by means of brand positioning, advertising, and promotion. Strategies that the company has employed as means to retain, maintain, and sustain the loyalty of the customers are numerous. The first one, Apple has continued to engage in extensive research for the development of its products. Basically, the company considers the needs and desires of the customers before launching new products to the market. It relies on the feedback, both positive and negative, of the customers about its earlier devices and makes changes according to the desires expressed by the customers. One of the most common strategies that Apple’s former chief executive officer, Steve Job, employed in marketing is that, he never praised the Iphones and Ipads and the amazing magical features the both have; rather, he was focused on how the products can satisfy the customers. This same strategy seems to have remained in the company even after Steve Job’s departure. Innovation is the second key thing the company has focused on to impro ve and maintain customer loyalty. The gadgets have a fabulous look; very attractive for the customers to like them at first glance. Once the customers begin using these products, they get to enjoy the experience with the numerous applications that come along with the products. Moreover, as the company’s success depends on its technologically innovative products. Apple has implemented strict information protection policies in order to preserve the confidentiality of its trade information. In addition, Apple has specific policies for the communication to the press and financial analysts and only allows limited personal use of Apple-owned equipment. In order to prevent conflicts of interest, the company has identified several possible sources of such conflicts and recommended avoidance strategies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From a strategic viewpoint, Apple ’s code of business ethics aims at establishing ethical behavior which should lead to ethical decisions by its management and employees’ decisions that reasonable or typical stakeholders would find acceptable. This is because it aids the stakeholders, the organization, and the society. Actually, Apple strongly aims at establishing a culture that emphasizes the importance of ethics. Although Apple has developed a consistent and exemplary code of business ethics, it has not been successful in implementing all the three necessary steps for fostering an ethical organizational climate. Nevertheless, it has to be concluded that Apple definitely can be regarded as a role model in terms of emphasizing the importance of business ethics. Apple’s core fundamental principle is to use good judgment. The company is especially aware of its responsibility to shareholders, communities, and customers in conforming to legal/ethical boundaries and complying with applicable laws. In addition, the company’s employees are fully aware of their responsibilities and duties. Apple’s business standards include honesty, ethical awareness, avoidance of conflicts of interest, respect of confidentiality of internal information, highest standards of corporate citizenship(rules and laws), and the provision of benefits to communities through the company’s presence. Apple expects its employees, business partners, and other parties to comply with these standards and policies. Company analysis Today’s apple operation is very different from the way it was before. Currently, the company employs over 13000 workers globally with a revenue worth of over $ 30 billion within the year 2011. This is accounted for by the sales of the smart phones and the Ipads. However, the company also has a presence in the PC and computer industry with its macbook pro and macbook air, and the Macintosh computer doing relatively well in the industry. Other products include d igital video and music playing devices. The company also deals in software and services. The company has seems to have little focus on the PC market, since there currently four specific defined market segments in which it has laid much emphasis. The four market segments include, education, consumer, business and creative. Apple’s finance and treasury division has to provide the company with a sound financial policy, managing general obligations as well as special programs. A few of them are to mention: the company places their short-term investment in highly liquid securities issued by high credit quality issuers and, by policy, limits the amount of credit exposure to anyone issuer. The firm’s general policy is to limit the risk of principal loss and ensure the safety of invested funds by limiting market and credit risk.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple: Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has not entered into any transactions with unconsolidated entities whereby it has financial guarantees, subordinated retained interests, derivative instruments or other contingent arrangements that expose Apple to continuing risks and contingent liabilities. Therefore, a vibrant risk management taking care of hedging foreign exchange exposure, adjusting to local conditions and making use of â€Å"financial engineering† to secure capital flows is indispensable. The company’s leadership Steve Job can be described as the charismatic leader who possessed strong technical obsession, creative and innovative skills, enthusiasm, commitment and entrepreneurship. Moreover, Jobs possessed a business sense for the marketability of his products and therefore could streamline Apple’s product portfolio and introduce new and highly successful products such as the iPod. In addition, his user-friendly business approach did not only lead to increase d value for customers through user-friendly products but also put the customer in the centre of Apple’s business and constantly praises him as the best customer in the world. Currently the company is headed by Tim Cooke as chief executive officer. He was the former chief operation officer when Jobs was the CEO. Even though it might be hard to fit in to the shoe of Jobs, Cooke has done a lot to ensure that the company maintains its growth and high revenue and profits. Steve Jobs’ bibliography When Steve Jobs came back to Apple in 1997, he immediately recruited a new Board of Directors and had to reposition Apple in the evolving personal computer industry. In fact, Jobs also proved his capabilities of being able to make harsh decisions during the restructuring of Apple when he rescinded the licenses of competitors who have been cloning Macintosh computers and killed the Newton hand-held device. In short, Steve Jobs not only successfully pursued his vision for apple but a lso implemented necessary restructuring efforts in the past which led to an increase in the company’s profits and shareholder’s wealth. It is no doubt that Steve Job was the right man for Apple because he was not only admired by the Silicon Valley elite for the foundation of the company but also for his glamour, technological obsession, and the other characteristics and abilities discussed above. Moreover, Business week titled him one of the best managers 2010 as Job moved beyond computers to establish himself in two businesses where new comers rarely emerge unscathed: music and movies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Steve Jobs was the first to find a way to compel consumers to pay for online music. Nevertheless, critics of Steve Job claim that he seems strangely uninterested in the â€Å"post-PC devices† and that he created a â€Å"reality-distortion field† as his enthusiasm for a favored technology is so great and his selling of it so sure, that anyone who meets him invariably feels converted. Steve Job can be seen as one of the fathers of Apple’s current digital hub strategy that has transformed the personal computer into a multimedia and entertainment hub that connects many devices. In fact, this strategy can be regarded as visionary and revolutionary as it is especially aimed at the future. Therefore, it can be concluded that Steve Job apparently has developed a coherent strategy to deal with future challenges and is convinced that his approach will lead the personal computer once again into a new era and therefore guarantee Apple’s future success. Conclusion Alt hough Apple’s core strategy has always been associated with Steve Job and his vision for the company, Apple’s other senior executives have shown that they are sufficiently skilled to contribute to the future success of the company. This is due to their strong professional background and the sharing of the company’s common values. Many of them come from other innovative and upright companies. Strategies that the company has employed as means to retain, maintain, and sustain the loyalty of the customers are numerous. The first one, Apple has continued to engage in extensive research for the development of its products. Moreover, several statements and their overall public behavior, show that they have also adopted the company’s norms and conduct their jobs in the ethical manner which is demanded through the company’s code of business ethics. In addition, as Apple doesn’t give any information concerning future strategies, products, and plans to the public, it can be followed that the internal communication and discussion among the company’s top management is not only fruitful but also characterized by the loyalty to the company’s norms and rules. So, it is obvious that Apple’s top management is highly involved in the internal strategic management process and contributes to the future success of the company. References Apple Press Information. (2012). latest press release. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/ Biwin Semiconductors. (2012). Tablet PC and Smartphone will consume more than 50. Retrieved from http://www.biwinsemicon.com/en/about/XYXW/176.html Dredge, S. (2012). Smartphone and tablet stats: what’s really going on in the mobile market? Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/appsblog/2011/aug/01/smartphone-stats-2011 Etherington, D. (2012). Apple’s 2012: What the year in iDevices and Macs will look like. Retrieved from http://gigaom.com/apple/apples-2012-what-the- year-in-idevices-and-macs-will-look-like/ Hillis, S. (2012). Apple iphones to hit stores, jolt mobile industry. Cambrigde: Persues. Hubpages. (2012). NEW iPhone 5 (6 gen.) – coming October 2012. Retrieved from http://livelonger.hubpages.com/hub/new_iPhone ModdedLife. (2012). Apple 2012 Product Lineup – Credible Reports – All Apple products to Receive Overhauls in 2012. Retrieved from http://moddedlife.hubpages.com/hub/Apple-2012-Product-Lineup-Credible-reports-say-All-Apple-products-to-Receive-Overhauls-in-2012 Panzarino, M. (2012). This is how Apple’s top secret product development process works. Retrieved from http://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/01/24/this-is-how-apples-top-secret-product-development-process-works/ Siegel, M., Gibbons, F. (2009, July 13). Apple Inc. and the e Book Reader. Stanford University, school of engineering, pp. 1-36. Slivka, E. (2012). Apple Predicted to Discontinue 17-Inch MacBook Pro. Retrieved from http://macbookpro.macrumors.c om/ This research paper on Apple: Company Analysis was written and submitted by user Juliana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

William Oughtred and the History of the Slide Rule

William Oughtred and the History of the Slide Rule Before we had calculators we had slide rules. The circular (1632) and rectangular (1620) slide rules were invented by an Episcopalian minister and mathematician William Oughtred. History of the Slide Rule A calculating tool, the invention of the slide rule was made possible by John Napiers invention of logarithms, and Edmund Gunters invention of logarithmic scales, which slide rules are based upon. Logarithms Logarithms made it possible to perform multiplications and divisions by addition and subtraction, according to The Museum of HP Calculators. Mathematicians had to look up two logs, add them together and then look for the number whose log was the sum. Edmund Gunter reduced the labor by drawing a number line in which the positions of numbers were proportional to their logs. William Oughtred simplified things further with the slide rule by taking the two Gunters lines and sliding them relative to each other thus eliminating the dividers. William Oughtred William Oughtred made the first slide rule by inscribing logarithms on wood or ivory. Before the invention of the pocket or handheld calculator, the slide rule was a popular tool for calculations. The use of slide rules continued until about 1974, after which electronic calculators became more popular. Later Slide Rules Several inventors improved upon William Oughtreds slide rule. 1677 - Henry Coggeshall invented a 2-foot folding slide rule for lumber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule.1815 - Peter Mark Roget invented the log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm.1859 - French artillery lieutenant Amà ©dà ©e Mannheim invented an improved slide rule.1891 - Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical slide rule in the United States.The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891.

The Role Transnational And Multinational Companies Have Played On Essay

The Role Transnational And Multinational Companies Have Played On Globalization - Essay Example The world has seen a tremendous increase in the global transactions and foreign trade in the recent years. The main reason behind this is that now more and more countries are getting engaged in trading with each other in order to increase their profit or sales or protecting them from being eroded by competition. The main objectives which are influencing the companies to engage in international business are the expansion of sales, acquiring resources, minimizing competitive risk and diversification of sources of sales and supplies (Johnson & Turner, 2003). Besides these, there are other few factors like economic factors, cultural factors, technological factors, and social factors which have the influence to a greater extent. The emergence and activities of transnational and multinational enterprises had impacted to a huge extent on the concept of globalization. Multinationals have played an important role in globalization. Given their international reach and mobility, prospective countries, and sometimes regions within countries must compete with each other to have MNCs locate their facilities (and subsequent tax revenue, employment, and economic activity) within. To compete, countries and regional political districts offer incentives to MNCs such as tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or improved infrastructure, or lax environmental and labor standards. This process of becoming more attractive to foreign investment can be characterized as a race to the bottom.

Discuss the roles and the purposes of higher education Should 50% of PowerPoint Presentation

Discuss the roles and the purposes of higher education Should 50% of 18-30 years old go to University - PowerPoint Presentation Example ide quality education so that it ensures that education outcomes that are both measurable and recognizable are attained especially in numeracy, communication, and literacy skills. Quality education will ensure that those who pass the system have the right qualifications (Layer 2002a,p.148). Students doing practicals Higher education in every institution ensures that the learners participate during election of their leaders. This will in turn boost their democratic right as well s a civil participation. This produces individual who will actively with in their countries and communities affair Higher education has the role of developing education whose content and methodologies aims at promoting individual social and cultural realities. This means that higher education ha the capacity of ensuring that the social aspect of individual is promoted. This produces an individual who can successfully socialize with others from different societal setting. Higher education also produces individuals who can appreciate different cultures from the world (Arche 2003,p.206). The institutions of higher education are charged with the process of national development and majorly they involved in development of their immediate societies. These institutions play a key role in uplifting lives in the community by establishing life-sustaining projects through 3xtension and community service. The research done in institutions of higher education, link the community and these institutions thus contributing directly to the welfare of the community (Catelles 2000, p.98). Institutions of higher education have well-trained teachers that equip the learners with adequate knowledge, attitudes, skills, and cultures, which will enable the learners to effect the much needed change in the society. In this regard the institutions produce holistic individuals. This means that the knowledge received in colleges and universities will enable them to agents of change in the society. The learners from

The History Of The Blues Harmonica Music Essay

The History Of The Blues Harmonica Music Essay The harmonica is a free reed instrument; this means that sound is generated as air flows past a thin strip of material and makes it vibrate producing sound. Air pressure is usually generated by breathing or blowing into a hole, cane or pipe. The air flows over one side of the reed, creating an area of low pressure and causing the reed to flex towards the opposite side. The frame enclosing the reed is built so that when it flexes it blocks the air flow, reducing the low pressure area and allowing the reed to bend back. The harmonica is known to have different names like the Gob Iron, the Tin Sandwich, the Mouth Organ but most commonly the harp, probably because of its mechanism being so similar to the Jews harp, which consists of a single reed mounted on a frame that is plucked to create a note that resonates in the players mouth. The first free reed instruments were invented in the Ancient Far East and were not known in the West until quite recently. Among these ancient instruments there is the khaen of Laos; which consists of various pipes bound together in a set of rows, very much like a pan pipe, or the shÄâ€Å"ng of China and the shÃ…Â  of Japan, which are more of a group of tubes, traditionally inserted into a hollow dried fruit like a gourd, which nowadays is made of steel. (see Illustration x) These traditional instruments have survived to modern times and are currently used in social music and courtship rituals, and the sheng is still one of the instruments used in Chinese opera. The metal free reeds system used in the khaen and sheng is thought to be the ancestor of the reeds used in harmonicas in the present. The shÄâ€Å"ng was brought to Russia at the end of the 18th century. It seems it inspired a lot of devices in the early 19th century, which was the foundation for the development of the more modern free reeds. A Czech organ builder named Franz Kirschnek fashioned a new kind of free reed to be used in organ pipes. He might have just adapted an earlier model of free reed or he actually come up with the idea completely independently. Harmonicas, as we know them today When we talk about the harmonica as we know it today, it is hard to determine exactly who the inventor was. There were no factories at the time, and it was a case of individual artisans who were trying out new ideas. At the time, many people tried to construct instruments with free reeds in Vienna, Paris, London, and America, so its not clear who might have been the first but credit does go to a young German by the name of Friedrich Buschmann, who later on was also known to invent the concertina. He was a clockmaker, and around 1816 he devised an object used as a piano tuner and called it mundaeoline, which is German means mouth harp. What can be determined is that one of the oldest artisans to make harmonicas was Christian Messner. Around the late 1820s he got one of these little harmonicas from Vienna, thought it was an interesting instrument, repaired it and awoke an interest in his colleagues, who asked him to make them one too. He saw it could become a lucrative business and became the first harmonica maker in South-West Germany. At this point it was only possible to blow into harmonicas; it was later, around 1847 when Johannes Richter added a secondary draw reed plate under the blow plate. From 1840, Messners nephew Christian Weiss decided to set up his own small company and began to work on his own designs. In 1857, another young clockmaker named Matthias Hohner bought and managed to copy one of Buschmanns creations. With this and a bit of espionage from the Weiss Harmonica Company he managed to introduce his own design. He gave the instrument a nicer look, ornamenting its cover plates and displaying his brand name. He was a talented salesman and businessman. He improved production and bought out his competitors. By the 1870s, mass production began at the Hohner Company and they started an aggressive overseas marketing campaign; the harmonica now looked very much like the ones we know today. The American civil war made the harmonica very popular in the USA. Hohner had already sent harmonicas over and the soldiers found it easy to play and carry. Within a comparatively short space of time, the Hohner Company was shipping millions of Richter Marine Band harmonicas to America every year. Around the 1900s, half of the harmonicas made in Germany were sold to the United States. In the 1920s, Hohner was making over 50 million harmonicas every year, and distributing them all over the world. From then on they have been the leading harmonica company. Up until then, harmonicas could only be played in a major scale (or natural minor), so by blowing naturally, you could not get any half steps or sharps and flats. For example, a C Major scale would be: C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C and that would be the C Diatonic harmonica. It would be like only playing the white keys on a piano. Hohner then decided to develop a chromatic harmonica that could play all 12 notes of a scale, making it a very versatile instrument which is used for music which requires a great variety of notes. It is specially used in jazz, pop and of course classical music. Although it allows the possibility to play any scale, in any key, it cant bend notes very well so the player cant really achieve a bluesy kind of sound as well as on the diatonic (bluesy sound explained further). In the Seydel Factory in Saxony, they still use the original machines that were used 130 years ago to make their harmonicas and although the parts are mass produced they must still be assembled by hand, someone at some point in the line of production must check and fine tune the harmonica manually. Special small plates and files are used to make precise adjustments to the reeds and it is a task that cannot be undertaken mechanically; every reed must be tuned by hand. The harmonica is one of the most portable instruments; it fits in any pocket or bag and is easy to carry around. There are endless stories about how harmonicas saved lives; from stopping bullets by being in the soldiers uniform in the right place at the right time, to other stories of many musicians that made a living out of playing it. It is a close and intimate instrument, and very personal as players wouldnt let other people play their harmonica (especially for hygienic reasons). Companion of isolated men, from prisoners, soldiers and shepherds to astronauts, as it was the first musical instrument in outer space. On a Gemini space flight in December 1965, astronaut Wally Schirra reported an unidentified flying object in a polar orbit, We have an object, looks like a satellite going from north to south, probably in polar orbit. Looks like he might be going to re-enter soon. You just might let me pick up that thing. I see a command module and eight smaller modules in front. The pilot of the command module is wearing a red suit and then played Jingle Bells on a four hole, eight-note Little Lady Hohner harmonica that he had managed to smuggle on board. It is an extraordinary little device, invented as a toy, considered a beautiful instrument and that has now been with us for over 150 years and will still go on for many more. How do harmonicas work? Parts and Mechanisms The harmonica was initially designed to be able to play various notes at the same time in combinations that were harmonic and made intuitive sense because they could automatically support melodious notes. By blowing and sucking the player can easily get the notes sounding right, without the need to work on getting the notes to sound clearly like on the guitar, it is a bit more like playing keys on the piano. Anyone can buy a good functional harmonica without having to spend a lot of money, and that is something you cant say about guitars or keyboards. Although usually out of the box harmonicas need a lot of fine tuning and customizing for advanced and professional playing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they are raw materials waiting to be formed in to a real instrument. Then again that also happens with most professional instruments. The basic mechanism is as explained in the previous section about free reed instruments. For the purpose of this analysis from now on when the harmonica is mentioned, it will be referring to the ten hole diatonic, the most commonly used harmonica for folk, rock and of course blues music. The diatonic harmonica consists of two cover plates, two reed plates and a comb (see illustration x). Cover plates cover the reed-plates and are usually made of metal. There are two types of cover plates: traditional stamped metal open designs like the Hohner Marine Band, and enclosed designs such as the Suzuki Promaster. The first are usually lighter and smaller than the enclosed ones which often are heavier but give out a louder tonal quality. The comb is the main body of the instrument. Its the central part of the harmonica and its what everything is bolted or nailed to. Its called a comb because it looks very much like a hair comb. As air goes though the harmonica, it usually carries saliva, so this inner structure must be made out of a type of material that can resist exposure to moisture and that way avoid expanding or smelling. Traditionally they are made from pear wood, although they can also be found made out of plastic or metal. There are two brass reed plates on a diatonic harmonica, each with 10 to 12 reeds riveted on to it. The reeds are shorter for the higher pitch, so the lower the note is, the longer the reed. The top plate is for the blow notes and the bottom is for the draw notes, so the reeds are facing the opposite direction. After a while reeds do go out of tune, and some notes might lose their brightness, they start to sound flat and inconsistent. That indicates the harmonica needs re-tuning. Although every hole in the harmonica can easily produce one note as the player blows air in to it, and one as he draws air, there are many more hidden notes that can be found by bending (a term used by guitarists, who actually bend the strings up or down to create a subtle change in the pitch) or overblowing. (see illustration Bendable Notes Chart) If while doing a draw note, the airflow is increased, the draw reed over-flexes and the air pressure causes the blow reed from the same hole to vibrate too, making a new note pop out, so basically you are drawing air through the blow reed. The best way to understand how air pressure is changed is by whistling and trying to change the pitch of the initial note. The changes your mouth, tongue and throat make are similar to the ones a harmonica player makes when he bends a note. Bending notes is a tough technique for beginner harmonica players and it is where the secret to getting a bluesy sound lies, because its the way to get the flat third, fifth and seventh; the blue notes. The Bluesy Sound The term the blues usually refers to melancholy and sadness and is constantly heard in lyrics to describe a depressed mood. Blues is a form of expression and a feeling that is brought to a musical form. In very technical words, the blues form is characterized by specific chord progressions also found in other genres like folk, jazz, and rock and roll. The twelve-bar blues chord progression is one of the most common, although there are others like the eight-bar, used in songs like Key to the highway, originally by Big Bill Broonzy, or the sixteen-bar as in Ray Charles Sweet 16 Bars or in Herby Hancocks Watermelon Man. The basic twelve-bar framework blues progression has a distinctive form in phrase and chord structure and duration. The structure is based on the Tonic, Subdominant and Dominant chords of the key. For example: A blues song in the key of C would have the following structure: Take the Tonic Subdominant Dominant chords and play them in the following order: T T T T | S S T T | D S T T So the chords for a blues tune in the key of C would be C, F and G and they would be played in the following order: C C C C | F F C C | G F C C Fitting the lyrics in this structure makes them sing very much like poetry sound when it is read out loud. The structure consists on an AAB pattern, consisting of a line being sung over the first four bars, in repetitions over the next four bars, and a longer finishing line over the last four bars. Using Robert Johnsons Sweet Home Chicago as a standard twelve bar Blues example for analysis, we find the following pattern: Bar 1 Bar 2 Bar 3 Bar 4 A Come on, Baby dont you want to go Bar 5 Bar 6 Bar 7 Bar 8 A I said, come on, Baby dont you want to go Bar 9 Bar 10 Bar 11 Bar 12 B To that same old place Sweet home Chicago This progression of chords is the basis of thousands other rock and pop songs that often have a blue sound even without using the traditional twelve-bar arrangement. The harmonica player has to be very aware of what key and chord the song is in, because he has to fit in that progression or the notes he plays would not sound right. He then also has to know very well when and where to fit in the blue notes that, for expressive reasons are played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd, explained further along) in relation to the pitch of the major scale. After all, the blues is a feeling and although it can be analysed technically as any other musical genre, to play it right it has to be felt. Like Muddy Watters puts it when youve got no bread and your love sick youve got the blues. And although people cant even begin to imagine slavery, working in the cotton fields, or being racially discriminated like it was in those days, they can still feel the romanticism of that feeling in a sense of a Im with them! support. The blues is not all just about playing the twelve-bar, like Mick Abrahams from Fleetwood Mac says in the documentary Blues Britannia Can Blue Men Sing the Whites, If you can play one note in the twelve-bar solo and make somebody cry or laugh, or all the lovely emotions that are associated with music, thats truly to me the blues its almost a prayer Nonetheless some blues artists also used the blues as a base for more comical, raunchy lyrics, such as Big Joe Turners Rebecca (Rebecca, Rebecca, get you big legs off me, Rebecca, Rebecca, get you big legs off me. It may be sending you baby, but its worrying the hell out of me) or Tampa Reds Tight Like That (There was a little black rooster met a little brown hen, made a date at the barn about a half past ten). What got the Harmonica in to blues? The main thing that got the harmonica into the blues was its inexpensivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which now is a thing of the past as Paul Jones lead singer and harmonica player for Manfred Mann, says in the documentary Tin Sandwich Anyone?, and it is because at the time they were an affordable instrument that the African Americans managed to popularise by introducing it to the blues. Little Walter was quoted saying When I started to play harmonicas, they were a dime! Now theyre a dollar and a half! Those people ought to remember who popularised them that way! The first harmonica recordings made around 1924 by many unknown musicians totally revolutionised the way the instrument was played, and gave way to the blues harmonica as we know it. The harmonica allowed for some very visceral, meaningful sounds that almost felt like wails of pain and sorrow. They almost felt like an extension from the voice and were definitely very expressive and profound close intimate instruments. It was amazing how such a small simple instrument was able to communicate so many things and create so many different effects. Harmonica players at the time discovered that it was possible to lower the pitch of some of the notes by changing the shape of the air space inside his mouth whilst playing: Bending. They also found that drawing instead of blowing, and not playing in the key of the harmonica, but in the key of the dominant 7th chord, they could create sounds that had nothing to do with the major-key folk for which the harmonica was originally intended: the Cross Harp. Train imitations and fox-chases, or many of the typical blues licks, would have been unimaginable without these two features. Bending is probably the first way the player starts hearing a bluesy sound coming from this little instrument. Bends are essential for blues and rock harmonica sound, due to the sad and soulful sound the instrument can draw out. That wailing and howling of the blues harmonica is achieved by bending. Playing the harmonica in the same key as the song is in would mean the player is in the first position or strait. He would be mostly using blow notes and it is the way he would get a melody, or more of a folk sound. The cross harp, or second position, consists on taking the harmonica in a different key from the song (being in the circle of fifths) and mostly playing draw notes. For example: Accompanying a guitarist playing a song in A, the harmonica player could play an A harmonica in first position, or a D harmonica in the second position. Both would fit in but the D harmonica would make it sound more bluesy than the A harmonica. The way the cross harp works is that there are only so many scales one can do on each harmonica. On a piano or a guitar all scales can be played from all keys on the same instrument, but on the harmonica the player has to change keys. This way draw notes can be played easier and so can the blue notes. Usually beginner harmonicas come with a cross harp chart in the box (see illustration. x), where you can see what key you have to be on to sound bluesy or melodic. Many other techniques can be also used in combination. Vibrato, commonly used with other instruments, can also be done on the harmonica. Vibrato, as the name indicates, gives the notes a vibrating sound. Usually it is made by contracting the muscles on the throat and varying the airflow. Another typical way to do it is by opening a closing your hands around the instrument freeing more or less air. Vibrato is a very common effect used by singers and other instruments. Thanks to the way the harmonica is constructed, it also allows the player to play chords. A chord is a set of two or more notes played together harmonically. By stretching the mouth over two, three or four holes and playing them together as one melodic note you can get chords on the harmonica. By playing chords the player can also get a vamping effect, which is achieved by alternating chords and single notes to accompany himself while playing a song. The idea of vamping is to fill in the silences in the melody with chords in the right beat. By keeping that beat going, the player can make it sound like two harmonicas are playing; one doing the chords and another one doing the melody. Little Walter and Sonny Terry were both known for great vamping in their tunes. Usually their sound was very rich and full and the harmonica sounded more powerful. The Blues Harmonica Blues Origins and Background The blues goes back to the 17th century, in the United States. Blues is defined as the folk genre for the African-American population, mainly the Deep South, which originated from their spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. At the time united states were a British colony that brought slaves from Africa who populated most of the south of the country. They worked on the tobacco, cotton and rice plantations and were not allowed to practice their cultures and religions. The first bluesmen were people that used to sing about how their life was to try and relieve the pain. In a way they were trying to send messages that travelled from plantation to plantation, to show what being a slave was. Blues became, for the African-Americans, a form of expression and a way to tell their stories. It was emotionally deep, straight to the point and full of meaning. John Mayall, from the Blues Breakers says the main charm about the blues is that it has such an authenticity about in the fact that when you listen to it you hear these stories, and visualize that these are real stories. And often they were, as narrative of the lyrics was usually about the cruelty of police offices, oppression at the hands of white people and hard times. For example, in Blind Lemon Jeffersons Rising High Water Blues, he tells the story of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 where he lost his girlfriend: Black water rising, Southern people cant make no time, Black water rising, Southern people cant make no time, And I cant get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine After the war, lyrics became simpler and focused almost entirely on relationship despairs or sexual worries. Themes that recurrently appeared in pre-war blues such as economic depression, farming, gambling, magic, the devil, fires and floods were less common in post-war blues. Other lyrics by artist like Skip James, Reverend Gary Davis or Blind Willie Johnson were also artist recognized by more religious or spiritual performances, highly influenced by the Christian conversions. 1920s, First Harmonica Recordings As for the harmonica, Pete Hampton was probably the first African-American harmonica player to be recorded. Despite a productive recording career in the early 1900s with songs like Nigger Blues, he only seemed to have used the harmonica for one particular song titled Mouth Organ Coon, where the harmonica probably adopted the term Mouth Organ. He already used many effects including vocalising through the harmonica, the use of fox chase and train-like rhythm arrangements and simultaneous whistling. Hampton used an F diatonic harmonica and he played it in first position. Soon after that, Henry Whitter was the first to record in the cross harp position. Even though he was a white musician, he had adopted a remarkable African-American influence on his harmonica playing. He claimed to have made test recordings in March 1923 and recorded the final tracks around December 1923 in New York City, recording the first three harmonica solos. The tunes appear to be in the key of A, and Whitter played in the second position on a D harmonica. He also had a train imitation, this one played in first position in what looked like a key of B although it might have originally been played on a C harp, an slowed down at some point. Another early country music star was DeFord Bailey who became the first African American performer on the Grand Ole Opry, which was a weekly country music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee that presented different artists from the genre from 1925. Bailey could play various instruments but he was best known for playing the harmonica and he played every Saturday night for 15 years, after he had to leave because of a dispute with management. He developed the fox-hunt and train techniques and he used a custom made megaphone to amplify the sound from his harmonica. At the time, music was totally acoustic and the harmonica could be played comfortably and heard perfectly while accompanying a guitar and a singer. Some players used a class or a jug to funnel the sound and gain a bit more amplification like DeFord Baileys custom megaphone. (See Pic XfunnelX) By then, the harmonica had proved to be an interesting new instrument full of different sounds and effects, radically departing from the manufactures intentions of a toy. 1930s, Lomax and the re-discovery The Emancipation Act of 1863, between 1870 and 1900, which freed the Black communities from slavery and had permitted them to build up the so called juke joints as places where Blacks could go to listen to some music, dance or have a gamble after a days work. Performances where held in places like the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York or many bars along the famous Beale Street in Memphis. This style was known as the Delta Blues, which consisted on traditional, rural country blues performed acoustically in more of a polished city urban style, also introducing new sounds like the bottle neck slide guitar and the floorboard stomping. By the end of the twenties, Vaudeville and tent-show singers, circus artists, boogie-woogie pianists, jug and jazz bands were to be heard at some point playing some form of the blues. Blues was becoming a vehicle for some people to earn a living by playing and entertaining the audiences. It was exclusively race music and the majority of white people didnt really know what it was or nor have the interest to listen to it. Outside the phonograph stores, black people would stand in line anxious to obtain the latest blues disc and by now there was already a reasonably large archive of blues music given by artists like Lead Belly, Henry Thomas and Big Walter Horton. Many harmonica players were recording in duos with guitarists like Hammie Nixon and Sleepy John Estes, or trios like Sonny Terry, Blind Boy Fuller and Bull City Red. Around the 1930s, John Lomax, pioneering musicologist and folklorist, together with his son Alan Lomax made a great number of non-commercial recordings for the Archive of American Folk songs. They went around the south of the United States with a mobile recording device, capturing many root songs, field hollers and ring shouts. This contributed in a great way to the blues because they managed to capture, catalogue and generate an archive of traditional and rural sounds. The instruments flexibility also captured the attention of classical music during this decade. Although some conservative musicians didnt approve of it and degraded it by considering it a toy, young Larry Adler managed to perform a minuet by Beethoven and later on had works written for the instrument by the composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Darius Milhaud, Malcolm Arnold and Arthur Benjamin. 1940s, Pre-war and Post-war Blues During the war, the United States experienced a shortage of harmonicas mainly because materials like wood and metal that were used to make harmonicas were in short supply due to military demand. Another problem was that Germany and Japan were the primary manufacturers of harmonicas and of course where the Axis powers opposed to the United States and the allied forces. Companies like Finn Harkon Magnus, developed a molded plastic harmonica that used plastic combs and far fewer pieces than traditional metal or wood harmonicas, which in a way made the harmonica more hygienic and far more efficient to mass produce. The sound from these harmonicas was inferior to the traditional ones but their inexpensiveness made them become a common toy among children. Between the late 30s and the 40s, many African-Americans were starting to migrate to other states further north in hope to find more acceptable working conditions. Many musicians based in Memphis moved to big cities like Chicago and New York encouraged by their music and the idea of making a living from entertainment. It was the beginning of what would later be called the Chicago Electric Blues. 1950s Chess Records and the Chicago Blues The 50s were the beginning of an era of high quality harmonica players. For instance Sonny Boy Williamson II, is one of the most important harmonica players of this era. The blues gradually began to use more electric amplification for the guitar, double bass, and vocals. Using a full blues band, as he usually played backed by a piano or a guitar, a bass and a drummer, Sonny Boy became a popular act in the South with his daily broadcasts when he was hired to play the King Biscuit Time show, advertising the King Biscuit brand of baking flour on the radio. Sonny Boy Williamson II also helped popularize the cross-harp technique and his way of playing which was very expressive, very sensual and very technical. Another key factor to this new era of blues harmonica was the Chess brothers. Leonard and Philip Chess were two Jewish immigrants from Poland who came to Chicago in 1928. They owned some bars on the south side of Chicago, their largest establishment being a nightclub called the Macomba. The Macomba had live performances and many of those were blues entertainers that had migrated to Chicago from the Mississippi delta during the late 30s and 40s. The Chess brothers realized that these artists were not being properly represented or recorded, so they decided to start recording them themselves. They entered into a partnership with Charles and Evelyn Aron in Aristocrat Records who had just opened Aristocrat Records to record blues, jazz and rhythm blues. The most important artist they recorded was McKinley Morganfield, who went by the name of Muddy Waters. He had come from Mississippi to Chicago a few years before and had been working on his own until he met the Chess brothers. His first records where of himself accompanied by a guitar or a piano. His deep raw singing style reflected the spirit of the blues and was quite unique. The Chess brothers were able to build Muddy Waters into Chicagos leading blues singer through their connections with radio stations and local clubs. In late 1949, Leonard and Phil Chess became the sole owners of Aristocrat Records and reorganized the company changing its name to Chess Records. Historically, the music business had always been dominated by a few major record labels which were Columbia, Victor, Decca, Capitol, Mercury, and MGM. These major labels had paid some attention to the blues and other root genres but had always placed the artists on secondary labels that were focused toward the race audience. Chess Records grew in those early days of both rhythm and blues and along with other independent record companies like Atlantic, Aladdin, Specialty, Imperial, Modern and King were giving the public music that they could not get from the established major record companies. Other young Mississippi bluesmen that were drawn to Chicago joined Muddy Waters band. One of the most brilliant musicians to play with Muddy was Little Walter Jacobs, whose outstanding harmonica made the band even better. The young harmonicist revolutionized the instrument by playing the harmonica through a microphone, typically a Bullet microphone sold for use by radio taxi dispatchers. He cupped in his hands around it with the harmonica, and tightened the air around the harp. It gave the instrument a punchy, mid-range, powerful, distorted sound that could be heard as loud as an electric guitar. MUCH MORE ABOUT LITTE WALTER His style, is amps and effects, his solo career. In 1952, Chess formed a subsidiary label called Checker where Little Walter recorded some of his own work. His first release was an instrumental piece called Juke which topped the Rhythm and Blues charts for eight weeks. He was able to top the charts again in 1955 with the song My Babe. A young record producer in Memphis Tennessee named Sam Phillips was recording a 300 pound farm worker named Chester Burnette, who became known as the Howlin Wolf. At the time, Phillips, who later established Sun Re