Impact of Emergence of Global Competitors on EU Essay

Impact of Emergence of Global Competitors on EU - Essay Example The European Union needs to restructure its economic policy in order to have an interest driven approach. The Chinese are willing to work with the emerging economies unlike Europe which is keen on majorly working with United States of America. Europe suffers from internal divisions, giving the Chinese a better competitive chance. The poor coordination between the member states of EU benefits Beijing directly. The euro zone does not depend on the European central bank when it comes to the bonds issue. Rather, it is dependent on various governments. The rise of emerging economies like China and India has an implication to the competitiveness of the EU. The union must have internally robust structures and engage the rising economies in a meaningful way in order to remain relevant. Regional competitiveness is defined as the ability of a locality to generate sustainable environment and attractive conditions to local residents and firms. Europe was perceived as a source of inspiration by the traditional Chinese revolutionaries. The post revolutionary generation has been looking to United States for the same. The economic interaction between China and Europe has been expanding from 2004. In 2011, the European foreign investment in China reached â‚ ¬17 billion. This was an all time high. The European exports to the Chinese economy are increasingly overtaking imports. In 2009 and 2011, the Chinese investments in Europe tripled to reach â‚ ¬7 billion. The growth was experienced in multiple sectors of the European Union economy. The debt crisis has caused the Chinese to turn to European bonds for investment. This paper discusses the emergence of global competitors and threat to the economic competitiveness of EU. The development of the china-EU relationship The bilateral trade structure There is a lack of a comprehensive reorientation in the way China approaches Europe. This attitude began after the fall of communism (Alon 2009). There is a lack of specific knowledge among the small countries in the EU. This means that some countries do not appreciate their role in the EU and EU-Sino relationships (Crossick & Reuter 2007). The weak or non-existent structures in the EU-China relationships have caused Germany and China to enjoy more trade compared to other European countries. Beijing has found it difficult to develop foreign policy towards Europe (Luo 2010). This is because of the parochial misapprehension and a bilateral trade structure that has suffered to from extreme weaknesses in the previous decades. Research shows a lack of mutual comprehension between China and Europe (Crossick & Reuter 2007). The European products are increasingly gaining access to China. China continues to view Europe as a zone for instability. The member states mu st assent to any agreements between Europe and China. This means that over 20 countries can influence such decisions through committees. This structure has made the bilateral ties slower to implement. The individual states of European Union come together under the policies on international affairs, human rights and liberalization (Wiessala et al 2009). London has been specifically vocal. A third of the budget of the European Union is spent trying to help China achieve the world trade organization standards (Wiessala et

Freedom of Religion in the Bill of Rights Research Paper

Freedom of Religion in the Bill of Rights - Research Paper Example Moreover, the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment prevents the government from making laws that establish any religion as the state religion. This clause ensures the secular nature of the US Constitution. The First Amendment to the US Constitution deals with religious freedom. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances...Amendment 1 (The United States Constitution, 2009). The First Amendment also provides the right of Freedom of expression. These rights cannot be interfered with by the government. Freedom of expression includes the rights of Freedom of speech, press, and assembly. It also includes the freedom to petition the government for a redressal of a grievance. The Supreme Court and the lower courts have interpreted the definition of the freedoms provided by the First Amendment to the Constitution, through their case law. These freedoms and rights apply to all the people who live in the US, and not just its citizens (Citizen Rights). The Establishment Clause precludes the government from enacting legislation that accords any religion the status of the state religion. It also prohibits the government from treating any religion with greater preference than the other religions. This clause has been interpreted by the courts to engender separation of Church and State. The Free Exercise Clause restricts the government from interfering with any individual’s religious practices. All the same, civil and federal laws are permitted to restrict religious acts and ceremonies, wherever warranted (Citizen Rights).

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride In Tablets

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride In Tablets ABSTRACT This chapter describes method development and validation of UV First Derivative Zero Crossing method for simultaneous determination of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablet dosage forms. AIM The main aim of the present study is to develope a simple, sensitive and cost effective UV spectroscopic method for the simultaneous estimation of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets, on the basis of zero Crossing measurement. Validation of the developed method for routine analysis of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets for quality control laboratories. RATIONALE Alfuzosin Hydrochloride is an alpha-adrenergic blocker used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, making it easier to urinate Dutasteride belongs to a class of drugs called 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which block the action of the 5-alpha-reductase enzymes that convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Recently both the drugs have been marketed in combination (Alfusin D acts on both the dynamic and the static components of BPH) in tablet dosage forms; combined oral administration has been found to be more effective than either single drug. To the best of knowledge, no derivative spectroscopic method available for simultaneous determination. Derivative spectroscopy provides a greater selectivity than common spectroscopy. RESULT AND CONCLUSION A simple, accurate and precise spectroscopic method was developed for  simultaneous determination of LER and ATE in tablets using first derivative  Zero crossing method. LER shows ZCP at 231 nm while ATE shows ZCP at  250 nm. The 1D amplitude was measured at 250 nm for LER and 231 nm For  ATE and calibration curves were plotted as 1D amplitude versus concentration,  respectively. The method was found to be linear from 4-28 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for LER  (r2=0.9967) at 250 nm and 5-30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for ATE (r2=0.9996) at 231 nm. The  within day and between day variations showed coefficient of variation (%CV)  values 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.2.1 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH): It is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the urethral canal to cause partial, or sometimes virtually complete, obstruction of the urethra, which interferes the normal flow of urine. It leads to symptoms of urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, dysuria (painful urination), increased risk of urinary tract infections, and urinary retention. Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in these patients because of increased organ volume and inflammation due to urinary tract infections, BPH is not considered to be a premalignant lesion. Adenomatous prostatic growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 years. An estimated 50% of men have histologic evidence of BPH by age 50 years and 75% by age 80 years. In 40-50% of these patients, BPH becomes clinically significant. How does BPH occur? The prostate goes through two main periods of growth. In early puberty, the prostate doubles in size. Then, around age 25, the prostate begins to grow again and continues to grow throughout most of a mans life. The continuing enlargement of the prostate does not usually cause problems until later in life. However, the second period of growth may, many years later, result in BPH. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): BPH rarely causes symptoms before age 40. More than half of men in their 60s have some symptoms of BPH. As many as 90 percent of men in their 70s and 80s have some symptoms of BPH SYMPTOMS: Difficulty in starting to pass urine ( hesitancy) A weak stream of urine Dribbling after urinating The need to strain to pass urine Incomplete emptying of bladder Difficulty to control the urination urge Having to get up several times in the night to pass urine Feeling a burning sensation when passing urine Passing urine mixed with blood (indication of infection) Treatment of BPH   BPH may not require any form of treatment and may just be monitored for any changes or early signs of any problems. In the event that BPH has caused a urinary tract infection, the infection will be treated first with antibiotic medications and then the BPH may be treated. There are several forms of treatment that can be used for benign prostatic hyperplasia that include medications, minimally invasive therapies, and surgery. The two types of medications currently used to treat BPH are alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.   These medications can prevent the prostrate gland from growing larger and may shrink the prostrate gland in some patients.   How do Alpha blockers work: Alpha blockers work by relaxing the smooth muscle tissue in your prostate and at the opening to your bladder. When this muscle tissue relaxes, it is easier for your urine to flow. This may help if you have difficulty starting to urinate and a weak urine stream. Alpha blockers can start working within two to three days, and may relieve your urinary symptoms in about two to three weeks. However, these medications do not stop your prostate gland from continuing to enlarge. Available alpha blockers include: Cardura (doxazosin) Flomax (tamsulosin) Hytrin (terazosin) Uroxatral(alfuzosin) How do 5 alpha reductase inhibitors work The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors work by interfering with the effect of specific male hormones (androgens) on your prostate. This may slow the growth of your prostate and can even cause your prostate to get smaller, which may help improve BPH symptoms. Men with larger prostates may have a greater benefit from these medications than do men with smaller prostates. But, for some men, size (of the prostate that is) does not matter, and the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may not give satisfactory results even if your prostate gets smaller. The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors work slowly, and they may take up to six months before you notice any improvement. Available 5-alpha reductase inhibitors include: Avodart (dutasteride) Proscar (finasteride) Both an Alpha Blocker and 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitor Depending on symptoms and the size of your prostate, your doctor may recommend a combination of an alpha-blocker with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. The combination of the two types of medications may help more than either medicine alone. 1.2.2 DRUG PROFILE: Alfuzosin hydrochloride: It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker Structure File:Alfuzosin.svg N-[3-[(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazolin-2-yl)-methyl-amino]propyl] tetrahydrofuran- 2-carboxamide Dutasteride: It is a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structure File:Dutasteride.svg (5ÃŽÂ ±,17ÃŽÂ ²)-N-{2,5bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl}-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide Pharmacodynamic Alfuzosin is a quinazoline-derivative alpha-adrenergic blocking agent used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Accordingly, alfuzosin is a selective inhibitor of the alpha(1) subtype of alpha adrenergic receptors. In the human prostate, alfuzosin antagonizes phenylephrine (alpha(1) agonist)-induced contractions Pharmacokinetics  and Metabolism Absorption is 50% lower under fasting conditions Volume of distribution 3.2 L/kg [healthy male middle-aged volunteers] Protein binding 82%-90% Metabolism Hepatic. Alfuzosin undergoes extensive metabolism by the liver, with only 11% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Alfuzosin is metabolized by three metabolic pathways: oxidation, O-demethylations, and N-dealkylation. The metabolites are not pharmacologically active. CYP3A4 is the principal hepatic enzyme isoform involved in its metabolism. 1.2.3 REPORTED UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS 1.2.4 Aim and Objective of the present work: Derivative spectroscopic methods are more sensitive than other spectroscopic method according to literature there is no derivative spectroscopic method reported so there is need to develop a sensitive derivative spectroscopic method which is more sensitive than simultaneous equation method so aim is to develop and validate the first derivative Zero-Crossing UV spectrophotometric method and apply that method to simultaneous determination of these drug in marketed formulation. 1.3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 1.3.1 Chemicals and Reagents Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride ALFUSIN D (CIPLA Ltd.) containing 10 mg of Alfuzosin HCl 0.5 mg of Dutasteride were purchased from local market. Methanol of HPLC grade was purchased from Merck Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Purified Water was prepared using a Millipore Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA). 1.3.2 Instrument Spectroscopic Analysis was carried out on a JascoV-650 double beam UV-Visible  spectrophotometer with software of Spectra Manager. The zero order absorption spectra were recorded over the wavelength range of 200-400 nm, against solvent blank, in quartz cuvetts with 1 cm diameter with scan speed of 100 nm/min and fixed value of slit width is 1 nm The ordinate maximum minimum were adjusted according to derivative values. 1.3.3 Development of UV first derivative Zero crossing method: As the Dutasteride is Insoluble in Water 80:20 V/V Mixture of Methanol and Water were used for method development First of all, Individual Zero orders absorption Spectra of both the drugs were recorded by scanning 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml solution. The ÃŽÂ »max of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride was found to be 240 nm 225.5 nm respectively. We have chosen derivative spectroscopy which is based on mathematical transformation of spectra zero order curves in to derivative spectra, which allows a fast sensitive and precise resolution of a multicomponent mixture and overcomes the problem of overlapping of a multi component system. Derivative Spectroscopy on the basis of zero crossing measurement involves measurement of absolute value of total derivative spectrum at an abscissa value corresponding to the Zero Crossing wavelength of the derivative spectra of individual components, which should be only the function of the concentration of the other component. Zero crossing points of Alfuzosin HCl a nd Dutasteride were identified in first derivative spectra. the measurement exhibited the best linear response and have given a near zero intercept on the coordinate of the calibration graph, and is less affected by the concentration of  any other component. Alfuzosin HCl was determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at the zero-crossing point of Dutasteride was determined by measurement of its1 D at the zero-crossing point of Alfuzosin HCl . 1.3.4 Preparation of stock solution Primary standard stock solution of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride were prepared separately by dissolving accurately weighed amount (10 mg) of drug in 10 ml 80:20 V/V (MeOH:H2O) to produce a concentration of 1.00mg/mL Working standard solution of each analyte were prepared by appropriate dilution of stock solution to get 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL The further concentration required for constructing calibration curve were prepared daily by dilution of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL working standard. Stock solution of binary mixture was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed quantities of both drugs in solvent. Further dilutions of binary mixture were made to obtain QC samples. 1.3.5 Calibration standard quality control (QC) samples The standard calibration sample were prepared by diluting working standard solution of each analyte to yield seven different concentration over the range of  3-24 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for Alfuzosin HCl 3-30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for Dutasteride . Linearity was evaluated separately for each drug using the defined analytical amplitudes (1D), with appropriate seven standard solutions. The QC sample were prepared from stock solution containing binary mixture to yield the low, medium high concentration (4,5 6ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml for Alfuzosin HCl) (20 ,25 30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mLfor Dutasteride). 1.3.6 Procedure for calibration curve Absorption derivative spectra were recorded over the range of the wavelength range 200-400 nm. Zero order spectra of standard calibration sample of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml of each drug were recorded against blank. First order spectra were recorded with in concentration range, the value of analytical amplitude 1D231 and 1D250 for ATE LER respectively were recorded. The calibration curve for derivative spectrophotometry were constructed by plotting the drug concentration versus the absorbance values of the first derivative spectrum 1D at 1D 231 and 1D250 for ATE LER, respectively. 1.3.7 Inter-day Intra-day accuracy precision A QC standard prepared binary mixture was evaluated for Inter-day Intraday  accuracy precision. Accuracy was determined as the absolute value of the ratio of the back calculated mean values of QC to their respective nominal  values was expressed as percentage. Precision of assay was expressed as  percentage coefficient of variation (% CV) for QC sample Binary Mixture 1.3.8 Assay of Pharmaceutical dosage form A total number of 20 tablets (Alfusin D) accurately weighed and  powdered in a mortar. Quantities of the powdered tablets equivalent to 10 mg of Alfuzosin HCl 0.5 mg of Dutasteride were accurately weighed and transferred in to 100 ml volumetric flask. Weighed powder was dissolved in 80:20 V/V (MeOH:H2O) mixed thoroughly and kept under mechanical shaking for 15 minutes. Solution obtain was filtered through filter paper and diluted with same solvent to get the concentration within linearity and used for the measurement of derivative spectra. The concentration of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride in tablet were calculated from corresponding calibration curve. 1.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1.4.1 Development of First derivative zero crossing method Derivative spectroscopy on the basis of zero crossing measurement involves measurement of absolute value of total derivative spectrum at an abscissa  value corresponding to the zero crossing wavelengths of the derivative spectra  of individual components. Which should be the function of the concentration of  other component Zero crossing points for ATE LER were found to be 211.9,  225.4, 250, 275.2, 292.2 218.4, 231, 240.7, 310.9, 362.7 nm respectively the  measurement at 250 231 exhibit best linear response. So ATE was  determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at ZCP of LER (at 231 nm ). LER was determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at ZCP of ATE (at  250 nm). 1.4.2 Validation23-25 1.4.2.1 Linearity Since beer law obeys between absorbance values 0.1-1, the linearity is  established by plotting points between these two readings in triplicate. for  Lercanidipine HCl linearity found to be between 3 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL to 24 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL with  typical regression equation of 0.0015x-0.0003 with regression coefficient of  0.9967 for Atenolol Linearity found to be between 3 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml to 30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml with  regression equation 0.0025x+0.0005 with regression coefficient of 0.9996. 1.4.2.2 Accuracy The accuracy of method was established in triplicate in three consecutive days. At 80%, 100% 120% of the expected sample concentration in synthetic binary mixture, the method found to be very accurate with recovery References M. VAMSI KRISHNA* and D. GOWRI SANKAR Optimization and Validation of Quantitative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Formulations ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E-Journal of Chemistry Safwan Ashour, M. Fawaz Chehna, Roula Bayram Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin HCl in Pharmaceutical Formulations with some Sulphonephthalein Dyes International journal of Biomedical science M. SUGUMARAN Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin from Its Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form J. Ind. Council Chem. Vol. 26, No. 1, 2009, pp. 47-49 SYEDA HUMAIRA, AKALANKA DEY1, S APPALA RAJU, SYED SANAULLAH Applications Of Colorimetric Methods For The Determination Of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartarate In Drug Formulations International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 2, Suppl 1, 2010 Md Ruhul Amin, Moynul Hasan, Abdullah Al Masud, Md Hanif uddin,  Md Hasanuzzaman and Mohammad Kaisarul Islam Validated Uv Spectrophotometric Method For Estimation Of Dutasteride In Tablet Dosage Form Islam M K et al. / Pharmacie Globale (IJCP) 2011, 4 (04) Kamila M. M., Mondal N Ghosh L.K A Validated Spectrophotometric Method For  Determination Of Dutasteride In Bulk Drug And Pharmaceutical Formulations International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vishnu P. Choudhari*, Sacchidanand R. Gite, Rahul P. Raut, Asawaree A. Hable, Sanket R. Parekar, Bhanudas S. Kuchekar Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Determination Of Dutasteride And Tamsulosin In Combined Tablet Dosage Form By First Order Derivative Spectroscopy And Area Under Curve (Auc) Spectrophotometric Methods And Its Application To Uniformity Of Content In Tablet And Capsule ISSN 0976 -044 x Volume 2, Issue 2, May June 2010; Article 013

Essay --

The ONE Fighting Championship event will roll this coming Friday, December 6, 2013, 7 in the evening at the Mall Of Asia Arena in Pasay City, with the theme â€Å"ONE FC: Moment of Truth.† Moment of Truth consists of ten sets of clashes, as seven Filipino fighters will slug it out with 13 foreigner counterparts, with the titles such as ONE FC Featherweighton the line. Highlighting the night of battles will be the rematch between HonorioBanario and Koji Oishi. For Banario, a win against Oishi is a must. The Filipino striker is on the verge of avenging his loss against the Japanese tormentor whom also took the title away from him following the defeat. Oishi has only lost once in his 14 ONE FC fights, and one of the victories he garnered came at the expense of Team Lakay’s â€Å"The Rock† last May. Also headlining the main event was the battle between Kevin Belingon, and David ArandaSantacana for the bantamweight title. Another Team Lakay fighter, Belingion, tagged as â€Å"The Silencer,† will also avenge his loss last May as he faced the undefeated Spaniard, whom have also won the majority of hi... Essay -- The ONE Fighting Championship event will roll this coming Friday, December 6, 2013, 7 in the evening at the Mall Of Asia Arena in Pasay City, with the theme â€Å"ONE FC: Moment of Truth.† Moment of Truth consists of ten sets of clashes, as seven Filipino fighters will slug it out with 13 foreigner counterparts, with the titles such as ONE FC Featherweighton the line. Highlighting the night of battles will be the rematch between HonorioBanario and Koji Oishi. For Banario, a win against Oishi is a must. The Filipino striker is on the verge of avenging his loss against the Japanese tormentor whom also took the title away from him following the defeat. Oishi has only lost once in his 14 ONE FC fights, and one of the victories he garnered came at the expense of Team Lakay’s â€Å"The Rock† last May. Also headlining the main event was the battle between Kevin Belingon, and David ArandaSantacana for the bantamweight title. Another Team Lakay fighter, Belingion, tagged as â€Å"The Silencer,† will also avenge his loss last May as he faced the undefeated Spaniard, whom have also won the majority of hi...

African Americans in the Civil War Essay

The role African Americans played in the outcome, and the road to the outcome of the Civil War was immense. The fact that the south had slaves and the north did not played an enormous role in the issues. The north wanted to abolish slavery, and the south did not and after the war started this became one of the main reasons for the Civil War. Since most African Americans could not read or write, this made them an easy target, for slavery, against the dominant white man. Once the slaves got to America they started to realize how much trouble they were actually in. The north and the south had a problem brewing, and that was due to the slave uprisings and the run a ways. African Americans played an enormous role in the outcome of the Civil War because of the part they took in it. The civil war, which took place from 1861 to the 1920s, the African American community made tremendous strides toward them becoming apart of America and equals in America. Since they had been controlled by the power of the whites for so long, their independence was extremely unfamiliar to them, with their new emancipation. Since they were so uncertain, they debated about the most effect way to go about actually receiving the rights they deserved. They did not just want to be inferior Negros. Some African Americans thought the actual approach would be to go along with the submissive status the whites held them to, so they could earn their respect until fairness pervaded. Others were more wishful with their thinking and thought the military would make whites surrender and give blacks their basic rights. Those who were still they are thought that no progress would ever come. These blacks decided that it was essential to escape the shackles and cruel attitudes toward blacks. The civil war initially began to save the Union. At the start of the war slave masters were terribly scared that the slaves would run to join the Union and help the war efforts. To subsidize the problem, most owner enforced harsh restrictions on their slaves. Some owners even moved their whole plantations inland to avoid any contact with the outside northerners. This did not stop the slaves one bit though, this just caused more slave to flee to the north. The slaves that did decide to stay just demanded more freedom from their masters. Some would say the ones that stayed even gained more power; this forced their masters to give them offerings in exchange for work. The issues of emancipation and military service were intertwined from almost the beginning of the war. News from Fort Sumter made African Americans rush to enlist in military units. They were all turned away since there was a law dating from 1792 that kept African Americans from joining the U. S. army. In Boston disappointed African Americans met and passed a resolution that requested the Government to modify its laws to permit them to enlist. Then Lincoln’s Second Confiscation Act was passed. The act stated that, Confederates who did not surrender with in sixty days of the acts passage were to be punished by having their slaves freed. The Militia Act was also passed. This act stated African Americans were allowed to fight in the war. These two acts together thoroughly punished rebel slaveholders. The African Americans that enlisted both fought in the front lines and worked behind the scenes labor jobs. All these rights that the African Americans were receiving inspired them to return home and free their families and friends. Some of them even started living in the plantations that they used to be slaves of. They took them over and began their own cropping. Some of the other plantations had been left to older disabled white woman, when the men had left for the Confederate army. All of this led to the separation of slave labor in the south After trying terribly hard to keep the issue of slavery out of the war, the North decided to start enlisting African Americans to help them fight in the war. The Fifty-Fourth regiment was created by the Union Army, and was the only all black unit. This Union in particular contributed to the war efforts of the North and showed a new found power among blacks. The regiment started when John Andrew sent a request to the secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, to create a volunteer regiment of African Americans (3). African Americans from all over the country joined. To help recruit even further they called for help from African American leaders like, Frederick Douglas and William Wells Brown. In just two months over one thousand African Americans, one from at least every state, had enlisted in the regiment. The leader of the regiment would not be black though, they wanted the superior officer to have some certain credentials. The job description posted read: â€Å"Young Man of Military Experience Of firm antislavery principles, ambitious, Superior to the vulgar contempt of color Having Faith in the capacity of colored men for military purpose† (2) The man picked for the job was Robert Shaw. The African American regiment and their captain set off for Beaufort, South Carolina on May 28, 1863 (1). They were to attack Fort Wagner, which was a vital key to Charleston. They only way to storm the fort was to go through loads and loads of Confederates. The sheer size of the Confederates to the Fifty- Fourth regiment was an obstacle in itself. The regiment knew the amount of obstacles they would have to overcome to achieve a victory and yet they kept marching. Shaw and a few men marched to the top of the parapet, and there Shaw was shot and killed. Though this was almost a complete disaster for the regiment they had set a path for future African American soldiers. Frederick Douglas said, â€Å"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U. S. , let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship. † One thousand seventy-nine African Americans had served in the Civil War. They served in both the U. S. Army and about two thousand served in the Navy. By the time the war was over, forty thousand had died in battle and thirty thousand had died of disease and infection. African American soldiers performed all the jobs needed to run an army. They also served as carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters (4). There were nearly 80 black commissioned officers (4). Harriet Tubman was the most famous spy; she served for the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers. Tubman decided to help the Union Army because she wanted freedom for all of the people who were forced into slavery, not just the few she could help by herself. And she convinced many other brave African Americans to join her as spies, even at the risk of being hanged if they were caught (4). Among Harriet Tubman were many other African American women who served as nurses, spies and scouts. Although, no women were allowed to formally join the army. When black troops were captured by the confederate soldiers, they faced harsher punishments than the white troops. In 1863 the Confederate Congress threatened to punish officers of African American troops and enslave the African Americans, if they were captured. As a result of this, President Lincoln issued General Order 233, which threatened payback on Confederate prisoners of war, if they mistreated African American troops. This order did scare the Confederates a little, but African American soldiers were still treated harsher than whites. In one of the worst examples of this abuse, Confederate soldiers shot to death black Union soldiers, captures at Fort Pillow, TN, in 1864(). Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest witnessed it all and did nothing to stop it. The President, Abraham Lincoln, issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. This proclamation eventually led to the freedom of all slaves. The document officially made free all bondsmen in the areas of the Confederacy that were still in rebellion. Slavery although was not abolished in the Border States, Tennessee, or the Union occupied areas of Louisiana and Virginia. The proclamation only affected the states in rebellion, so after the efforts it didn’t actually free any slaves. On the other hand, it did strengthen the Northern war efforts, because they knew they were fighting for a cause. Over five hundred thousand slaves had escaped to the North by the end of the civil war. Many of the escapees joined the Union Army, which tremendously increased its power. As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, the thirteenth Amendment was created. The Amendment created on December 18, 1865, legally freed all slaves still in bondage. The final step the Emancipation Proclamation was to depress England and France from arriving to the war on the side of the South. England and France wanted to enter the war on the South side, because the South had supplied them both with cotton and tobacco. England and Frances stance changed when they heard that the war had changed to a fight over slavery. Both nations were opposed to slavery, so ended up giving their support to the Union. That led to the winning of the fight for freedom. Juneteenth was the day created to celebrate the emancipation, when the slaves heard about it that midsummer. The holiday is still celebrated today. Abraham Lincoln said, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. â€Å"(3) African Americans along with the rest of the Union were fighting for this freedom and equality that Abraham Lincoln, was talking about. African American contributions were not limited to the role of working the fields in the south or supplying labor for industry in the north. Many African Americans in both south and north participated in either direct or supporting roles in the military. The War Between the States proved to be a war fought for democracy. The liberation that the slaves had been waiting for, recovered the ideas that founded the United States of America. All men were equal under the law. Since, the African Americans made such a persistent effort the changes were made more quickly. Africans pushed for their own emancipation by resisting their masters and other labor tasks. Although a formal Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment freed blacks in America, it would be a long time before they received all the rights they deserved. The minds of Americans had been so engrained with racism only decades of hard work would lessen this. Works Cited 1) Freeman, Elsie, Wynell Burroughs Schamel, and Jean West. â€Å"The Fight for Equal Rights: A Recruiting Poster for Black Soldiers in the Civil War. † Social Education 56, 2 (February 1992): 118-120. 2) â€Å"Blacks in the Civil War. †. Colorado College. Web. 3 Mar 2013.

My Last Farewell by Joze Rizal Essay

1st Stanza * Rizal’s beautiful description of his Fatherland. He used the biblical Eden to describe the Pre-Hispanic Philippines which is an imaginary time of purity and innocence. He adores the beautiful country that he and others are fighting for. He said that he is glad to give his life to Filipinas even though his life was brighter, fresher, or more blest than it is now – pertaining to the time when he wrote the poem. 2nd Stanza * The men who gave their life to his beloved country. Rizal said that their dedication and patriotism to the country is without second thoughts. It doesn’t matter how one struggles, that all struggles, all deaths, are worth it if it is for the good of the country. 3rd Stanza * It speaks of Rizal’s love of Liberty. The image of dawn that Rizal used in the first line signifies the liberation that he adores. In the third and fourth line, he says that if the colour of liberation lacks his blood, he must die for the country to attain freedom. 4th Stanza * Presents the flashback of Rizal’s love for Patricia that started when he was young. He was young when he saw the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA and promised that he would dedicate himself to avenge one day for those victims. His dreams were to see his country in eminent liberation, free from sorrow and grief. 5th Stanza * Repeats Rizal’s dream of complete Liberation. â€Å"All Hail!† signifies that he is positively welcoming the dawn of freedom after his death. He also repeats what he has said in the third stanza that it is his desire to dedicate his life to the Patria. 6th Stanza * Describes the image of Rizal’s grave being forgotten someday. The grassy sod may represent the country’s development, the growth of liberty, and that with the redemption of the country, he becomes forgotten. Rizal does not say here that he wants monuments, streets, or schools in his name, just a fond kiss and a warm breath so he could feel he is not..